Siheyuan is the most important form of Chinese traditional residential house. It is great in number and wide in distribution, popular among the Han, Manchu, Bai, and some of other minority groups. Most of the houses are of wood framework. The principal room is built on the south-north axis, and two wing rooms are located on both sides of it. The family elders live in the principal room and wings are the bedrooms for the younger generations. Women live in the inner yard. Guests and male servants live in the outer yard. This distribution is in accordance with the feudal .regulations. Siheyuan spreads over towns and villages throughout China, but each developed its own characteristics as a result of respective natural conditions and different way of life. Siheyuan in Beijing is the most representative.
二、 风水（Feng shui）是中国建筑中的一个特殊传统，是古人对空间的布置与安排方法，其目的是为了实现建筑与环境的和谐共存。风水的字面意思就是“风和水”。在古代，风水通常将从选址、设计、建筑直到内部和外部装修的整个过程联系在一起。它将天、地、人三者融为一体，并且在所选的地址、方位、自然法则以及人类命运之间寻求和谐。它反对人对自然的破坏，而是强调人与环境的共处，这种状态被认为是完美的、神秘的。
Feng shui, a special Chinese tradition in architecture, is the ancient Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve coexistence in harmony with the environment. Feng shui literally translates as “wind-water”. Feng shui usually links the whole process from site selection, designing, construction and interior and exterior decoration in ancient times. It combines the
.trinity of the Heaven, the Earth and humans, and seeks harmony between selected site, orientation, natural doctrine and human fate. It repulses human destruction of nature and stresses cohabitation with the environment, which is regarded as perfect and occult.
三、 舞龙（Dragon dance）是中国文化中一种传统的舞蹈与表演形式。它起源于汉朝并且有信仰并尊敬龙的中国人所开创。人们认为舞龙一开始是农耕文化的组成部分，起初也是治病 和防病的一种方法。舞龙在宋朝（Song Dynasty）就已经成为一项流行的活动。舞龙是中国文化和传统的重要组成部分，已经传遍了中国乃至全世界，而且已经成为中国体育活动中的一种特殊的艺术表演。它象征着在来年为世界上所有人带来好运和兴旺。
Dragon dance is a form of traditional dance and performance in Chinese culture. It originated during the Han Dynasty and was started by the Chinese who had shown great belief and respect towards the dragon. It is believed to have begun as part of the farming and harvest culture, also with origins as a method of healing and preventing sickness. The dragon dance was already a popular event during the Song Dynasty. Dragon dance is an important part of the Chinese culture and tradition. It has spread throughout China and to the whole world and become a special performance..of..arts in the Chinese physical activities. It symbolizes good luck and prosperity in the year to come for all the human beings for the earth.
四、 中国结(The Chinese Knot)是一种古老的艺术形式。人们发现，绳结可以追溯到10万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、捕鱼，还用来记录事件，而且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵（cultural connotation）。由于结在汉语中的发音与“吉”相
近，吉的意思为“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康”，这是中国人永恒的追求，因此有些中国结表达出人们的各种愿望。例如：新婚夫妇的房间通常用一个盘长结（Pan-chang Knot）来装饰，象征着永恒的爱情。
The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and the artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000 years ago. Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening, wrapping, hunting, fishing. Knots were also used to record events, and some knots had purely ornamental functions. The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations. Since knot is pronounced as “jie” in Chinese similar with that of “Ji”, which means blessing, good salary, longevity, happiness, fortune, safety and health ...and is the everlasting pursuit of Chinese people, some Chinese Knots express people’s various hopes. For example, the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolize eternal love.
五、 现代中国人的姓名通常由姓（家庭姓氏）和名（个人所起的名字）组成，并且姓在前，名在后。因此，王小平被称为王先生，个人的名字为小平。大事，在中国古代，起名非常复杂。一个人通常有好几个名字，包括姓、氏、名、字，每一个都表达不同的意思。姓和氏演变为现在的姓，名和字则演变为现在的名。现在人们通常用姓氏来指一个人的姓，用名字来指一个人所起的名。对中国古代文献的研究表明，“姓”最初指不同的母系部落（matriarchal tribes）的名字，和人们居住地也有某些关系。研究表明，“姓”出现于母系社会时期，大约四千至五千年之前。
A modern Chinese usually has a surname(“family name”) or xing and a given name (“first name”), or ming (or mingzi), always in thar order. Thus Wang Xiaoping is Mr. Wang with personal name Xiaoping. In ancient China, however, naming was very complicated and one person usually had
several names, and naming involved xing, shi, ming and zi. Each of these four words meant a different thing. Xing and shi together formed today’s surname, and ming and zi today’s
given name. today, people use xingshi to refer to a person’s surname, mingzi to refer to one’s given..name. study of ancient Chinese documents shows that xing originally referred to the names of different matriarchal tribes. It also had something to do with the place where people lived. Researches show that xing came into being during the matrilineal society period, around four to five thousand years ago.
六、 乒乓球室意向强调耐力和反应能力（reflexes）的运动，尽管乒乓球本身比较小，运动强度不大。不论男女老少都可以同台公平竞争。由于是室内运动，所以可以常年举行比赛或进行练习。自此乒乓球运动诞生以来，它已经经历了巨大的演变。比赛规则经过了很多次的修改，并且随着技术的进步和打球方式的改变，运动器材也发生了变化。这些改良（refinement）只是证明了乒乓球运动已经发展为意向非常完美的运动，可以与我们所崇尚的（with reverence）的任何一种经典运动相媲美。
Despite its small size and moderate intensity, ping-pong is a sport that emphasizes endurance and .reflexes. People of all ages and genders can play it on an equal ground. The sport is played indoors, so year-round competition and practice are possible. Ping-pong has undergone enormous
evolution since it came into being, which has experienced many revisions of rules and seen an improvement of equipment as technology and playing styles changed. Such refinement only .serves as evidence that ping-pong is indeed a full-fledged sport, comparable to any of the other classics we behold with reverence.
七、 儒家思想是中国传统文化的基石。它出现在大约2500年前的春秋时期
（the Spring and Autumn Period）,是建立在夏、商、周的传统文化之上，并由孔子创立的完整观念体系（ideological system）。儒家思想博大精深，涵盖了人性、政治、法律、教育、哲学、道德各个领域。如家文化以人本哲学（humanistic philosophy）为依托，这表现在它对人类个体的尊敬、关注和热爱。总而言之，儒家文化是世界文化遗产的重要组成部分，是东方文化的代表，恶意是中国文化传统的中流砥柱。
Confucianism is the cornerstone of traditional Chinese culture. Founded about 2 500 years ago in .the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucianism is a complete ideological system created by Confucius, based on the traditional culture of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty. It is extensive and profound, covering the fields of humanity, politics, law, education, philosophy and ethics. Confucian culture rests on humanistic philosophy, which is shown in its respect, attention to and love of human individuals. In belief, Confucian culture is an important component of world cultural heritage, a major representative of oriental culture, and the dominant facet of Chinese cultural tradition.
八、 京剧被称为中国的国粹（national opera），起源于18世纪晚期，是将音乐、舞蹈、艺术和杂技（acrobatics）综合于一体的戏曲。在中国，京剧是所以戏曲中最有影响力和代表性的戏曲。中国的京剧有着200多年的历史，是中国的民族瑰宝。京剧有着丰富的剧目（repertoire）、众多的表演艺术家和大批的观众，在中国有着其他戏曲无法匹及的深远影响。京剧剧目主要讲述前朝传说故事，其中包括古代重要的历史事件以及王侯将相、才子佳人的故事，讲述从尧、舜、禹，春秋战国群雄并起的历史时期到秦、汉、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清等多朝代的故事。
Known.as China’s national opera, Beijing Opera, which originated in the late 18th century, is a synthesis of music, dance, art and acrobatics. It is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. Beijing Opera is a national treasure with a history of more than 200 years. Owing to its richness of repertoire, great number of artists of performance and of audiences, Beijing Opera has profound influence, which no other opera in China can rival. The repertoire of Beijing Opera is mainly engaged in fairy tales of preceding dynasties, important historical events, emperors, ministers and generals, geniuses and great beauties, from Yao, Shun, Yu, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period to the dynasties of Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing.
九、 不可否认，几乎没有哪项科技发明对我们的生活产生的影响比得上电视机的发明和改进给我们带来的好处。它是一种电子视听（audiovisual）媒体，是大量信息的重要来源，让我们不出家门就可以看到各种各样关于比赛、音乐会以及发生在世界各地的时间的现场报道；人们还可以看到大量花样百出的特别节目。例如：世界风景、风俗和文化、神奇海底（seafloor）和庞大的宇宙的壮观景象等。所有的这一切都在最大程度上丰富了我们生活和知识。
Admittedly, there is rarely any other technological invention having such a great impact on our life as the invention and revolution of television. It is a kind of electric audiovisual media and a source of abundant information, which gives people easy access to various live reports about games, concerts, and affairs occurring all over the world, as well as a vast variety of special programs, such as programs about worldwide scenery, custom and culture, the spectacular sight in mysterious seafloor and colossal cosmos, etc. All of them enrich our life and broaden our knowledge to significant degree.
十、 清华大学被视为中国最著名和选拔人才最严格的大学之一。清华大学的校园位于北京西北部的海淀区，这是专为大学指定的区域。它坐落在清代皇家花园的旧址上，保留了一些
中式的园林风格以及一些传统的建筑物，但它的许多建筑物都是西式风格的，反映了美国对它的影响。它拥有中国最美丽校园之一，拥有中国最好的工程和应用科学（applied science）课程，吸引了全国最有才华的学生，其地位和美国伯克利大学（Berkeley）、麻省理工学院以及斯坦福大学相当。
Tsinghua University is regarded as one of the most renowned and most selective universities in China, the campus of Tsinghua University is situated in northwest Beijing, in Haidian District which is designated for universities. It is located on the former site of Qing Dynasty royal gardens and retains some Chinese-style landscapes as well as some traditional buildings, but many of its buildings are Western-style reflecting the American influence on its history. With one of the most beautiful campuses and the best engineering and applied science programs in China, it attracts the most talented students of the nation and occupies a position similar to Berkeley, MIT, and Stanford University in the US.
1. 中国素有“茶的故乡”之称，是世界上最早种植茶、制作茶、饮用茶的国家。 茶的发明和利用是中国人对人类文化史的一大贡献。几千年来，中国人品茶的热情始终未减，因为茶是有益于健康的天然饮品。茶在中国人的社会和情感生活中都有着重要的作用。客来敬茶是中国较为普遍的习俗，不仅是出于对客人的礼貌，而且也是一种亲切的象征和快乐的分享。 China, the homeland of tea, is the first country to grow, produce and drink tea. The discovery and use of tea is a great contribution to the history of human culture. Throughout the dynastic history of China, the Chinese people have remained enthusiastic about tea drinking. That is probably due to the fact that tea is a health drink. Tea plays an important role in Chinese
people’s social and emotional lives. Serving a cup of tea to the guest is a common practice in China.because it is a symbol of friendliness, a sharing of something enjoyable together with a way of showing respect to visitors.
2. 最近几年，大学校园里学生的兴趣发生了变化。以往，许多优秀的学生十分热衷于文科学习，他们一生的梦想是成为一名作家。而如今出类拔萃的学生们把兴趣投向电脑、商业以及其他有关金融的学科。显然，他们认为掌握这些课程更有利于他们将来得到高薪的工作。此外，学生对英语也显示出前所未有的热情。
There has been a change of interests on campus in recent years. Many
excellent students used to show a great interest in liberal arts with their lifelong dream becoming a writer. Now they go in for computer science, business studies and other subjects concerning finance. Obviously, they believe if they master such subjects they are more likely to get well-paid jobs in the future. Moreover, students display greater enthusiasm than ever for English.
3. 京剧起源于200年前清朝时期的北京，是一种集歌剧表演、唱歌、音乐、舞蹈和武功于一体的表演艺术。自1919年京剧大师梅兰芳先生东渡日本演出后，至今京剧越来越受世界各地的人们喜爱。北京京剧也应邀在许多国家演出，得到了外国观众的高度评价。这些表演对中外文化交流和促进世界人民友好往来做出了重要的贡献。
Originating from Beijing some 200 years ago during the Qing Dynasty, Peking Opera is a performing art that embraces opera performing, singing, music, dancing and martial arts. Since Mei Lanfang, the master of Peking Opera, performed a play in Japan in 1919, it has become more and more popular with people all over the world. Peking Opera has been performed on invitation in many countries and highly appreciated by foreign audiences. The performances have made a great contribution to Sino-foreign exchange and to the promotion of friendly association of people in the world.
4. 根据中国国家旅游局（ Bureau ）统计，过去几年里每年约有一千万人出国，比2000年上升13%，而且大半是去旅游。随着中国人民生活条件的改善，大城市的中等收入人士都纷纷出国寻找工作和学习机会甚至到国外休闲度假。据北京一家旅行社介绍，去年一年他们旅行社就带了四万中国人“环游”世界。他们认为现在的中国人已经不满足于丰衣足食了，愿意花钱，在假日里到国外兜一圈。
The statistics made by China National Bureau of Tourism shows that in the last couple of years, about 10 million Chinese went abroad every year, which was an increase of 13% compared with .the year of 2000, and that more than one half of them were on tour. As the living conditions have been improved in China, more and more people with middle income in big cities go overseas for job opportunities, education and even for holidays. A travel agency in China revealed that they arranged as many as 40,000 Chinese traveled abroad last year. Today, they observe, Chinese are not content with sufficient food and clothes, and would spend money on tours to other countries for holidays.
5. 中国农历八月十五，是中国的传统节日----中秋节。因为这时候的月亮最圆最亮。这是个全家团聚的时刻，所以远离家乡的人们会亲切地凝视着月亮，思念他们的家人。中秋节的传统食品是圆圆的象征着团圆的月饼。这天也被认为是丰收的节日，因为水果、蔬菜和谷物这时候已经被采集储备了，食物充裕。
The 15th of the eighth month according to the Chinese lunar calendar, is the date for the traditional Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival because it is the time when the moon is at its fullest and brightest. It is a time for families to be together, so people far from home will gaze longingly at the moon and miss their families. The traditional food for Mid-Autumn Festival is the round moon cake which symbolizes reunion. This day is also considered as a harvest festival since fruits, vegetables and grain have been harvested by this time and food is abundant.
6. 旅游业是现代发展最快的产业之一。的确，旅游业的增长率通常超过全球经济的增长率。旅游业发展成为一个大规模的产业，依靠的是快速廉价的现代交通工具。例如，国际旅游业发展最快的时期正是航空运输业的发展时期。旅游业不仅有利于航空公司、旅馆、餐饮、出租车等行业，而且还有利于很多商业机构，甚至有利于旅游商品的制造业。旅游业不是一个单一的行业，而是由向游客提供各种服务的许多不同行业所组成的综合性行业。
The tourist industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in modern times. Indeed, the growth rate of tourism has generally exceeded that of the worldwide economy. The development of tourism as a mass industry depends on modern means of rapid and inexperienced transportation
.For example, the greatest growth in international tourism has paralleled the growth of . air transportation. Tourism benefits not only airlines, hotels, restaurants, and taxi, but also many commercial establishment and even the manufactures of tourist commodities. The tourist industry is not a single entity, but one that consists of many different kinds of enterprises that offer different services to the traveler.
7. 中国园林可分为御花园和私家花园两类。前者多见于北方，后者则居地南方，尤以苏州、无锡和南京等地为基。南方私家花园中的溪、桥、山、亭，小巧玲珑，布局精明，尽显其自然美，令人赏心悦目。园内的小溪虽占地不多，却同小桥与石屿相得益彰，浑然一体。石头与假山是中国南方园林的特色。巨大的石头可自成一景，而较小的石块则堆积成假山，为园林.增添无比魅力。
Chinese gardens can fall into two major categories, namely, imperial and private gardens. The . former are seen mostly in northern China, while the latter are easily found in the south, especially in Suzhou, Wuxi and Nanjing. The streams, bridges, hills and pavilions of a private Chinese garden are small and delicate, cleverly laid out and pleasing to the eye, exhibiting a natural beauty of their own. Streams in these gardens usually cover limited spaces, but are in perfect match with bridges and stones. Rocks and artificial hills are special features of southern Chinese gardens. Large stones form sceneries of their own while smaller ones are gathered to create artificial hills, contributing to the charm of the gardens.
8. 中国的传统节庆膳食在节日中必不可少。例如，我国的端午节（the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子（zongzi)。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节（The Mid-autumn Festival ）的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年（ the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday），除了常见的家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按照各自的地方习俗烹制传统食物，如饺子和年糕。
Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan. People usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon, the round shape of which is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is a round cake known as the mooncake. The Spring Festival is the holiday of Chinese lunar New Year’s.Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, such as, jiaozi, or boiled dumpling, and niangao, or the “new year cake”.
9. 北京有无数的胡同（hutong).平民百姓在胡同里面的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代，但愿胡同可以保留下来。
In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing shows not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people so people there are like a big .family full of kindness and care. Presently, hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings with the society and economy quick developing. People wish hutongs could be preserved.
10. 对全球的应用程序（app）开发商来说，打入中国，这个世界最大的智能手机（smartphone）市场是非常不容易的。程序开发商必须与数十家应用程序零售店（retail store）打交道，政府对这些零售店的监管要比美国宽松。程序开发商在中国还必须努力避免自己受到“山寨”产品泛滥的冲击，避开各种监管障碍以及中国本地程序开发商的激烈竞争。
It is difficult for global app developers to enter China, the world’s largest smartphone market. App makers must navigate dozens of app retail stores with looser rules than the U.S., fend off a proliferation of cloned apps, and steer around a thicket of regulations and intense competition from local developers.
11. 中国喝茶是一种仪式（ritual）,一种精致品味的展示（demonstration）。喝茶聊天是中国
人中最流行的打发时间的方式，过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆（teahouse）而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或激烈讨论政治话题。
Tea drinking in China is a ritual, a demonstration of refined taste. Chatting over a pot of tea is very popular pasting among Chinese, and in the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse. The Chinese Teahouse is the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea, but also for discussion on local news or political issues. ①中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节，即从农历最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。
Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese festival. In China, it is also known asthe..Spring..Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.However,New.Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealth and good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends.
②中华民族的传统文化博大精深、源远流长。早在2 000多年前，就产生了儒家学说和道家学说，以及其他很多在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的很多珍贵品质。比如“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情操，“民为邦本”、“民贵君轻”的民本思想和“己所不欲，勿施于人”的行为准则。 The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2 000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism and Taoism, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term \"the Hundred Schools of Thought\". From Confucius to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas. For example, they lay stress on. patriotism as embodied in the saying \"Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the .. country.\are.more.important.than.the.monarch\"and.the.code.of.conduct.of\" .....Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you\".
③从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。
In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago. During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and
Running script. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist r
esorts. Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study. As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy. ④中国的官方语言普通话在美国的学校中突然热起来。由于中国经济在21世纪的快速发展，美国的公立和私立学校纷纷在外语课程中加入汉语这一科目，或将已有的汉语教学项目进行扩展。据统计，在美国的学校中，有5万名孩子在学习汉语。但推动汉语项目的发展不是没有遇到困难。由于缺乏受过专业训练、持有证书的教师，一些学校很难加入汉语教学的竞争。当学校聘用教师时，它们通常直接从中国招聘，这种方式为文化冲突埋下了隐患。
Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools. With the.rapid.development.of.China’s economy in the 21th century, both public and private schools in America are scrambling to add Mandarin to their curricula of foreign languages or expanding Chinese language programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as 50 000 children nationwide are taking Mandarin in American schools. To develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties. A shortage of professionally trained teachers with certificates has made it difficult for some schools to join the competition. When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them from China directly, which is a hidden trouble for culture clash.
⑤如今，中国正步入老龄化社会，因此独生子女一代面临着巨大的工作和生活压力。中国政府开始适当调整计划生育政策，允许一些家庭在特殊情况下生育二胎。但调查显示，很多夫妻迫于不断加重的经济压力，放弃生育二胎。因此，要从根本上解决老龄化的问题不能依靠出生率的上升，最有效的办法是建立有效的社会保障制度。
Nowadays, China is stepping into the aging society. Therefore, the only-child generation is facing enormous pressure both from work and life. The Chinese government has begun to adjust the family planning policy and allows some families to have a second child under certain circumstances. However, the survey shows that some couples abandon to have a second child due to the increasing financial burden. Thus, in order to solve the aging problem, the basic thing is not relying on the increase of birth rate. The best solution is to establish an effective social security system.
⑥中国通过了第一部物权法，下令对北京的几百座四合院进行保护。然而，批评家们指出，所谓“保存”常常只是拆掉老房子，然后依照传统样式盖一座新的来代替。马岩松曾经说过：“现在的做法就是在假造古董，这不好。胡同吸引了很多旅游者，但这里贫困的老住户要么就像主题公园里的演员，要么就被踢出去，以便富人们可以购买这些房子。老北京的精神正在消亡。”
China has passed the first property law, ordering to protect Beijing’s hundreds of courtyards. But critics say, so-called “conservation” just means knocking down an old building and replacing it with a structure in a traditional style. For this, Ma Yansong’s opinion is “The way is just to build fake antiques, it is not nice. These hutongs attract many tourists. The poor, old residents are either like actors in a theme park or they are kicked out so that the rich can buy these houses. The spirits of old Beijing are now dying away.”
⑦几千年的中国文化充实着中国梦，同时，过去三十几年的改革开放也激励着中国梦。中国梦最显著的特征是包容性和双赢合作。这些也是使中国梦扩大它的全球影响范围和被其他国家的人民认可的基本特征。中国梦是民族复兴的梦。它是建设一个强大繁荣的国家，给中国人民带来幸福生活的梦。中国梦需要维持稳定健康的经济发展，科学管理社会，以及有效应对外部发展的风险和挑战。
The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture and inspired
among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up. The most noticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation. These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach and be recognized by people of other nations. The Chinese dream is the dream of national rejuvenation. It is the dream of
building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringing happiness in the lives of the Chinese people. It entails sustaining steady and healthy economic growth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks and challenges of external development. ⑧长久以来，人们一直对市区公园是否应该收门票的话题争论不休。一些人认为市区公园是用纳税人的钱建立起来的，是供人们休闲、娱乐的公共场所，因此应该是免费的。另一方面，还有一些人称，考虑到中国人口众多，公民责任意识淡薄的情况，一旦免费开放市区公园，这些公园会管理不善，将不可避免地受到损坏。综合考虑两种观点，我较认同后者。可以确定的是市区公园免费开放要与经济发展情况相适应，因为这需要财政的支持。因此，以中国现有的经济水平，免费开放市区公园的目标要逐步实现。
The question whether urban parks should charge an entrance fee or not has been a source of controversy for a long time. On the one hand, some people claim that urban parks, supposed to be places where people have leisure and entertainment, are public establishments that have been created with taxpayers’ money and thus should be free. On the other hand, some others maintain that, considering China’s large population and lack of a sense of civic duty, once the parks are free of charge, they will not be properly managed and will inevitably be damaged. When considering opinions of both sides, I am inclined to the latter view. It’s certain that free entry to urban parks should proceed with economic development, as it needs financial support. Hence, the current economic level in China reflects that free entry to parks can only be realized step by step.
⑨邓小平同志曾说：“社会主义财富属于人民，社会主义的致富是全民共同致富。”构建和谐社会，就是要把民生问题作为重中之重，让广大人民群众有活干，有学上，有饭吃，有衣穿，有屋住，病有医，老有养，生活幸福，都过上好日子。自此，在就业、教育、收入分配、医疗、养老、住房等领域，一大批关注民生的实事工程接连开工，一件件事关百姓冷暖的民生大事让各族群众喜笑颜开。
Comrade Deng Xiaoping once said, “Socialist wealth belongs to the people, the socialist prosperity is the universal common prosperity.Building a harmonious society is to regard people’s livelihood as the priority among priorities, to help the masses live a happy life of having jobs, going to school, having food to eat, having clothes to wear, having houses to live in, and can be cured when in disease, and can be cared when they are old. From then on, in the fields of employment, education, income distribution, health care, pension, and housing, etc., a large number of practical projects focusing on livelihood have been started one by one; every activity about people’s livelihood has lighted people of all nationalities up with pleasure.
⑩最近，一些地方大学开始将方言列为某些学生的必修课程，学生们要学习当地方言，然后被评分以作为毕业的依据之一。一方面，支持此种做法的人认为，将方言列为必修课可防止其消失，从而使当地传统文化和文化多样性得以弘扬，同时城市独特的个性得以保留。另一方面，反对此种做法的人争论说，当地学生与外地学生相比有很多绝对优势，因此将方言列为必修课会引起教育不公平的问题。而且，将方言列为必修课程还会引起一些其他问题，如教材使用、师资问题和考试标准等。在我看来，方言作为传统文化不可缺少的一部分和一种
交流工具，可以让学生自愿学习和使用，而不是强制完成。
Recently, it has been practiced by some local universities that dialect is made a compulsory course for some students, under which students are subject to learning the local dialect and then graded as one of the judging factors for them to graduate. On the one hand, people approving the practice maintain that it will help to prevent the dialect from extinguishing so that the local traditional culture and the cultural diversity can be enhanced, and the unique urban identity can be preserved simultaneously. On the other hand, people in opposition to the practice contend that it will give rise to the appearance of educational inequality, for the local students will enjoy absolute advantages over those from other places. Moreover, the inclusion of dialect in compulsory courses will bring forth other problems like teaching material, teachers and examination standards. As far as I am concerned, dialects, as an indispensable part of local traditional culture as well as a tool for communication, can be acquired and used voluntarily, not compulsorily.
11.随着中国经济迅速发展到新的高度，中国目前已经进入了大规模消费时代，中国民众的购买力随着中国市场经济的发展而迅速增长。因此，那些追求物质生活的人们只要有购买力，就不可避免地会购买奢侈品。一项报告显示，中国的奢侈品消费总额占全球市场份额的四分之一，且位居世界第二，仅次于日本。然而，从消费观念方面来讲，很多中国的消费者还处在“炫耀性消费”的阶段，这是一种不健康的状态。奢侈品不应该是炫耀的手段，或者是与权力、财富和社会关系相关的标志。
As China has achieved new heights in its economy and recently entered an era of mass consumption, the purchasing power of Chinese people is rising along with the development of market economy. Therefore, it is inevitable that people who pursue material life buy luxuries as long as they can afford. According to a report, the total consumption of luxuries in China accounted for a quarter of the global market share and ranked second in the world after Japan.
However, in regard to consumption concept, a large number of Chinese consumers are still in the stage of “conspicuous consumption”, which is unhealthy. Luxuries should not be the tools of showing off or signs associated with power, wealth and social ties.
12.长江是中国最长的河流，也是世界第三长河，仅次于非洲的尼罗河和拉丁美洲的亚马逊河。长江总长度约为6 300米，发源于青海省，向东流入东海。长江流域是中国重要的农作物产区，粮、棉产量分别占全国总量的40%和30%。长江三峡大坝是世界上最大的水利枢纽工程之一，为通航、发电和运输带来了很大的便利。
The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang is the longest river in China and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America. The river is about 6 300 km long and flows from its source in Qinghai Province, eastward into the East China Sea. The Yangtze River valley has always been an important agricultural base in China. Grain and cotton outputs make up 40 percent and 30 percent of China’s total respectively. As one of the largest water control project in the world, the Three Gorge Dam benefits for navigation, generating electricity and transportation.
13.泰山称东岳，以“五岳独尊”的盛名享誉古今。按照“五行学说”，东方属木，主生发，有生命之源、万物之本的含义。这就是古代帝王通常在自己登基或晚年时到泰山封禅祭拜的原因。泰山拔地通天，气势磅礴，汉语又有“稳如泰山”、“重于泰山”之说。1987年，联合国教科文组织将泰山列为世界自然与文化遗产。
Mount Tai, called “East Yue”, has a great reputation for the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains. According to the theory of five elements, the East belongs to mu, which means liveliness. Therefore, the East is a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures. Thi
s explains why important emperors made pilgrimages mostly to Mount Tai when they were crowned or in their later years. It is a symbol of loftiness and might, hence, there are the Chinese idioms: “as firm as Mount Tai” and “as weighty as Mount Tai”. Mount Tai was proclaimed world natural and cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987.
14.赵州桥坐落在洨河上，距离赵县南部约2.5公里。这座桥是在公元605年至公元616年建造的。赵州桥是由中国著名的匠师李春设计的，是用石头建造的，长50.82米，宽10米，还有一个不可思议的弧形桥洞，高7.23米，跨度为37.35米。桥上的石头栏杆和柱子上雕刻着美丽的龙凤图案。这座桥是一座空腹式的圆弧形石拱桥，两边有两个小拱，这是中国最早的拱桥之一，在中国桥梁建筑史上占有重要的地位，让游客和工程师们都很感兴趣。 Zhaozhou Bridge was built on the Jiao River about 2.5 kilometers away from the south of Zhaoxian county. The bridge was constructed in AD 605-616. Designed by a well-known Chinese mason, Li Chun, it’s made of stone, 50.82 meters long and 10 meters wide, with an unusual arch that is 7.23 meters high with a span of 37.35 meters. The stone railing and columns on the bridge were .carved with beautiful dragon and phoenix designs. One of the earliest Chinese arch bridges with a long open-spandrel arch in the middle and two small arches on each side, this bridge occupies an important place in the history of Chinese bridge building and has been of interest to tourists and engineers alike.
【汉译英】波士顿咨询公司最近做的一项研究显示，到2020年中国将会有2.2亿家庭收入在2万到100万美元的富裕消费者。这些消费者中75%住在“ 较小城市”。随着网络的发展，较小城市的消费者的一种必然趋势是他们更加依赖社交网络服务上的信息。很多网络顾客都是通过微信、微博和QQ空间分组的。据估计今年中国将会有2.5亿消费者进行网购，位于四线城市的消费者平均每人会花费他们50%或者更高的工资在网购上，这一数据要比一线城市的消费者的花费高。
A recent study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group says there will be 220 million affluent consumers, who are from households earning between $ 20,000 to $ 1 million, in China by 2020, .and 75 percent of them will live in “smaller” cities. With the development of the Internet, an .. inevitable trend among these consumers is they are much more dependent on information from social networking services. Many of the website’s customers are “grouped” by Wechat, Weibo and QQ Zones. It is now estimated that 250 million Chinese consumers will shop online this year and the average shopper in a fourth-tier city in China will spend 50 percent or more of their income on e-commerce than those in top-tier cities。
1.狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。
//////////The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom
where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.
2.中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。
//////China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China’s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation betweenChinese and overseas enterprises.
3.假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。
/////////The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life. 4.端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。
The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.
5.2013年6月20日在中国各地，剧估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(the Tiangon-1 laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。 /////On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers across China watched a science lesson taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping. Wang is aboard the Tiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates, for a two-week mission. Her lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in the space. In some demonstrations,she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth. The lesson has not only offered children a physics lesson with knowledge and interest, but also shows the
advance in communication technology of China.
6.朝气蓬勃，充满活力，丰富多彩的上海是现代中国的缩影。虽然上海的文化遗迹不能与北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市风貌，风格各异的万国建筑为这座城市注入了无限的魅力。今日之上海，已经成为享誉中外的国际大都市。漫步在这座日新月异的现代大都市里，你会发现许多精彩的历史亮点，隐现在众多摩天大楼背后的是上海发展变化的轨迹。它们记述了上海自十九世纪末开埠以来，尤其是新中国成立以后，是如何迅猛发展的。
Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city - the very epitome of modern China.Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied architectural styles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own. Today's Shanghai has become a world-famous international metropolis. A walk through this booming city reveals many glimpses of its colorful past. Hidden a mongst the skyscrapers are remains of the original Shanghai.They keep on showing how Shanghai has been developing fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in the late 19th century, especially after the founding of new China.
7.近代以来，亚洲经历了曲折和艰难的发展历程。亚洲人们为改变自己的命运，始终以不屈的意志和艰辛的奋斗开辟前进道路。今天，人们所看到的亚洲发展成就，是勤劳智慧的亚洲人民不屈不挠、锲而不舍奋斗的结果。亚洲人民深知，世界上没有放之四海而皆准的发展模式，也没有一成不变的发展道路，亚洲人民勇于变革创新，不断开拓进取，探索和开辟适应时代潮流，符合自身实际的发展道路，为经济社会发展打开了广阔前景。
////In modern times, Asia experienced twists and turns in its development. To change their destiny, the people of Asia have been forging ahead in an indomitable spirit and with hard struggle. Asia's development achievements today are the result of the persistent efforts of the industrious and talented Asian people. The people of Asia re fully aware that there is no ready model or unchanging path of development that is universally applicable. They never shy away from reform and innovation.Instead, they are committed to exploring andfinding development paths that are in line with the trend of the times and their own situations, and have opened up bright prospects for economic and social development.
8.、吸烟之危害，可谓大矣，其严重性是不能低估的。吸烟污染空气，损害健康，使肺癌发病率大大增加。为了使各国人民关注烟草的盛行及预防吸烟导致的疾病和死亡，世界卫生组织已将每年的5月31日定为“世界无烟日”。瘾君子们说，一天饭不吃可以，一个时辰不抽烟就难捱了，不能戒。只要真正意识到吸烟有百害而无一利，于人于己都是一种祸害，就有可能下决心摆脱烟草的诱惑。戒烟贵在坚持，坚持下去就是收获。
///Smoking does great harm to human and its gravity should not be underestimated. Smoking pollutes air, damages health, and increases the incidence of lung cancer. To arouse the awareness about the prevalence of tobacco in all the countries and to prevent smoking-induce diseases and deaths, the WHO (World Health Organization) has defined May 31stin every year as World No-Tobacco Day. The tobacco addicts say that smoking is impossible to quit because they could do without meals in a day but would feel tortured without tobacco in two hours. However, when one realizes that smoking is harmful in many ways but beneficial in no way and that it is a curse to others as well as to he himself, he will be determined to resist the temptation of tobacco. To quit smoking requires persistence and so long as one persists,he’ll be rewarded.
9.越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩
子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 .An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kid shave a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit rom their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China,where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.
10、我赞同许多东亚学者的观点，东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾。西方世界个人自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为，对此我们不能视而不见。// 相反，东方社会的自我约束力，集体责任感以及温厚儒雅的传统倒可以消除西方社会的许多恶疾。// 在这个信息时代，世界已缩小成一个地球村。这个地球村里，不再有什么泾渭分明的东方世界和西方世界，我们是生活在同一个社区里的邻里。// 因此，我们彼此之间无须冲突。我们之间的关系应该是一种友好合作，平等互补的关系。我们应该相互理解，相互学习，和睦共处。
I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing ,stubborn Western ills. We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence.// By contrast,self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset many Western vices.// At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.// Therefore,we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other. Our relationship is one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore,we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//
11.、国际贸易的基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是不可避免的。关键要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理摩擦和纠纷。// 就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。今天，美国在华投资设立的企业已超过4 万家，投资额达450 亿美元。// 美国500 强企业有400 多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。与此同时，在美国市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。中国在美国投资设立的企业已超过1000 家。// 我们可以预见，中美贸易摩擦将随着经贸关系的深化而凸显，但是中美经贸合作的总体发展是不可逆转的。主要有两个原因，其一：中美贸易具有很大互补性。其二：中国产品具有明显的劳动力成本优势。
// Equality and mutual benefit is the fundamental principle of international trade. Therefore, it is normal that countries will seek to protect their own interests, which may lead to trade friction sand disputes. The key lies in how to cope with these issues correctly in a cool and wise manner.// As for China-US trade, mutually beneficial and win-win trade and economic ties have delivered tangible economic benefits to the two peoples.Now, with over 40,000 U.S.- invested enterprises, the total investment in China stands at $45 billion.// Of the top 500 U.S companies, more than 400 have their business in China, and most of them are making handsome profit. At the same time, many Chinese commodities have become favored choices of American consumers.Meanwhile, the number of Chinese-invested enterprises in the United Sates has surpassed 1,000.// We predict that tr
ade disputes between China and the United States will become more acute along with the further development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The overall development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation is, however, irreversible. There are two factors contribute to this trend.Firstly, the Sino-U.S. Economic and trade relations enjoy complementarities in vast fields. Secondly, China has an outstanding labor cost advantage.//
12、中国国际出版集团是中国最大的、最权威的外语出版发行单位，其前身是中央人民政府新闻出版署国际新闻局。// 我集团坚持“让中国走向世界，让世界了解中国”的出版原则，全心致力于中国外语教育与研究事业的发展，全心致力于中外文化交流事业的拓展。// 为了加强对出版人才队伍的建设，为了满足日益增长的特殊出版业务的需要，我集团每年都要选派一些青年员工到国内外知名高等学府和研究机构进修，// 根据我们的发展战略，我们会将前进的步伐迈出国界走向世界，瞄准海外读者群，这一战略已取得了良好的开局。
// The China International Publishing Group is the largest and the most authoritative foreign language publishing and distribution establishment, its predecessor being the International Press Bureau of the Central People's Government Press and Publication Administration.Adhering to the publishing philosophy of “assisting China's march to the world and facilitating world's understanding of China”, the Group commits itself entirely to promoting foreign language education and research in China and advancing cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.In order to build up a strong team of publishing staff, as well as to meet the growing need of more technically demanding business, the Group makes it a rule that young staff be selected and sent to noted universities and research institutions, both domestic and overseas,for further studies.// As is clearly spelled out in our new development strategy,we will go beyond our national boundaries and wedge ourselves into the world circulation market, aiming at the international readership. Our initial effort shave been very rewarding.//
13.改革开放30 年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。// 通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。// 作为第二文化，中国文化也丰富了他们的生活和世界观。可以说，这个潮流方兴未艾。越来越多的学习汉语的美国人除了对中国菜肴赞不绝口之外，也在尝试针灸，草药和武术。//他们也看功夫电影，学习东方时装潮流和手工艺，不知不觉的在日常生活中谈及中国的点心，人参、银杏，乌龙茶等。目前在美国最热门的中国文化是道家学说和有着神秘色彩的风水学。
As China is rising as a political and economic world power, thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learning Chinese language and Chinese culture.// During the learning process, the learners concurrently develop their interest in this ancient land, whose civilization is so vastly different from theirs. And the learners have opportunities to learn about Chinese philosophy, art, architecture, medicine and catering culture and experience first-hand the splendors of this venerable civilization.As the second culture, Chinese culture has enriched the life and world outlook of the learners. This trend, so to speak, is gathering momentum and is there to stay. Apart from their love for Chinese cuisine, more and more American learners of Chinese language are turning to Chinese acupuncture ,herbal medicines, martial arts.// They are also interested in kongfu films,fashions and crafts. Seemingly outlandish words such as dim sum, ginseng,gingko, oolong cha have crept into their everyday language. The latest Chinese cultural icons to make its impact there are Taoism, and ancient school of thought,
and fengshui, an ancient art of placement.//
14、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。
/.....Shanghai cuisine , usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among the major regional cuisines in China,with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste” as its essential quality elements./Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings, the selection of raw materials with quality texture, and original flavors. Shanghai cuisine is famous for a special snack known as Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumpling sand a special dish called “Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish”.//Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings are small in size, with thin and translucent wrappers, filled inside with ground pork and rich tasty soup. Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish is yellow-colored and squirrel-shaped, with a crispy skin and tender meat, all covered with a sweet and sour source.After tasting Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish, we are always amazed by the squirrel shape and think that it is more appropriate to plus “appearance” as the fourth element.
15、美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性，而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。//在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位，讨论是课堂教学的主旋律；而中国教师喜欢讲课，喜欢考试，编写千篇一律的标准教案，培养整齐划一的高材生。//美国人的政治观，经济观以及社会观的核心是个人道德自治观。中国传统的思想体系是以儒家学说为基础的，这种思想强调整体和谐。//现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密，中国人学英语，玩保龄球，吃肯德基，美国人学汉语，练功夫，吃北京烤鸭，《泰坦尼克》驶进中国，《牡丹亭》也在百老汇上演
// American people emphasize efficiency,competition and originality while Chinese people give priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team members.//In American schools, discussion is given top priority while Chinese teachers like to lecture in class,and a lot of them are obsessed with examinations. They write consistent and standardized teaching plans, and are happy with bringing up identical and standardized talents.// Central to American political, economic and social thought is the concept of individual moral autonomy. Traditional Chinese philosophical systems are based on Confucianism,which sings highpraises for communal harmony.//Nowadays, the relation of China and America become closer than ever. Chinese learn English, play bowling, enjoy KFC, while Americans learn Chinese, exercise Kung Fu, like Peking Duck. And Titanic sailed into China, while The Peony Pavilion has been performed on Broadway.//
16.武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。// 为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。//武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。// Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times. It is a gem of Chinese
traditional culture. As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation (IWUF) have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement. Wushu was acceptedto join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.The boomingof wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years./Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries. Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands. Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day. 17、香港中文大学，简称“中大”，成立于1963年。中大是一所研究型综合大学，以“结合传统与现代，融汇中国与西方”为创校使命。//40多年来，中大一直致力于弘扬中华传统文化，坚持双语教育，并推行独特的书院制度，在香港教育界卓然而立。中大校园占地134 公顷，是世界上最美丽的校园之一。//中大的师生来自世界各地。有教职员工 5200多人，近万名本科生、约2000多名研究生，其中约2500多人来自45个不同的国家和地区。//中大实行灵活的学分制，不仅有助于培养有专有博的人才，而且还赋予学生更大的学习自主权。中大的多元教育有助于充分发挥每一个学生的潜能。//
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963. It is aresearch-oriented comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity andbring together China and the West./For more than40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system. 134-hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world. //CUHK’ s faculty and students come from all corners of the world. It has more than 5200 staff members,approximately10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students. Of these students,some2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree off ree choice of students in designing their own learning. The mufti-faceted education at CUHK helps to bring out the best in every student.//
18、过去10年，海平面升高和森林看法的速度都是前所未有的；生态恶化、物种灭绝、臭氧层被破坏、温室效应、酸雨等一系列环境问题已经严重影响到人类的生存环境。// 环境恶化造成的问题之一就是缺水。目前全世界 40%以上的人口，即 20 多亿人，面临缺水问题。据预测，未来 25 年全球人口将有 60 亿增长到 80 亿，环境保护面临更大的压力。// 中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化的过程中，将环境保护视为一项基本国策。// 众所周知，对生态环境和生物多样性的保护是环保工作的重点。我国野生动植物物种丰富，仅脊椎动物就有 6000 多种左右，高等植物 3 万多种。//
Sea level rose and forest were destroyed at an unprecedented rate during the last decade. A series of environmental problems such s the deterioration of ecosystem, the extinction of bio-species, damage to the ozone layer, the green-house effect, acid rain, have posed a serious threat to human living conditions. Environmental crisis leads to one of the serious problems, namely, water shortage. Presently, more than 40% of the world’s population, more than 2 billionpeople, now face water shortage. It is predicted hat with the global population expected to increase from six billion to eight billion over the next 25 years, more pressure on environmental protection stress is expected./ As a developing country, china is confronted with the dual task of developing the
economy and protecting the environment.Proceeding from its national conditions, china has, in theprocess of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of itsbasic state policies.It is known to all that protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity is the focal point of environmental protection work. China is rich in wildlife species. There are about 6,000 vertebrates alone and 30,000species of higher plants.
19.为了切实保护儿童权益，中国的立法、司法、政府各有关部门以及社会团体都建立了相应的机制，以监督、实施和促进保护儿童事业的健康发展。// 中国政府动员社会采取多种方式关心和帮助残疾儿童的成长，大力弘扬残疾儿童自强不息的精神，倡导团结、友爱、互助的道德风尚。// 中国民族素有“携幼”，“爱幼”的传统美德，中国古语“有无有以及人之幼”了流传至今。// 我们要在全社会倡导树立“爱护儿童、教育儿童、为儿童做表率、为儿童办实事”的公民意识，并努力为儿童事业的发展创造良好的社会条件。//
To effectively protect children’s right sand interests, china’s legislation, judicial and government departments concerned as well as non-governmental organizations have set up corresponding mechanisms to supervise, facilitate and promote the healthy development of the work on protecting children.The Chinese government has done a great deal to mobilize various circles in society to care for, in various manners , the development of disabled children, to greatly encourage the spirit of unceasing self-improvement among physically disadvantaged children and to advocate the valued social virtues of unity, friendship and mutual aid.// The Chinese nation has long cultivated the traditional virtues of “bring up the young” and caring for the young”. An old Chinese saying that “love our children and love others’children in the same manner” is still very popular.//We should urge the society at large to raise the awareness of importance of “ protecting and educating //children, and setting a good example and doing practical thing for children”. We will spare no efforts to create favorable social conditions for the progress of child development programs.//
20、泰山的每个季节都有独特的魅力。春天，绿茵茵的山坡上，争奇斗妍的花朵到处可见。夏天泰山的雷暴雨堪称奇观。秋天，枫树叶漫山遍野，蔚蓝色的河水川流不息。冬天，雪盖群峰松披霜，景观素雅悲壮，别有一番情趣。喜逢艳阳日，极目远眺，重峦叠嶂，尽收眼帘。//但遇天阴时，环顾四周，苍茫大地，尽入云海。泰山的日出与日落，闻名遐尔。壮观的自然风景以及不可计数的历史名胜，激发了古代文人墨客，为之舞文弄墨，创作了无数经典 佳作。泰山历来是画家骚客所钟情的聚集地。//
Each season here has its beauty: bright flowers in full bloom covering the green slopes in spring, spectacular summer thunderstorms which are rarely seen elsewhere, blue rivers running across the mountains overlaid with red maple leaves in fall, and snow-capped mountains and frosted pine trees in winter that stage a quiet solemn spectacle of particular interest. On a clear day one can see the peaks rising one after another. // When the sky is overcast, the horizon disappears into asea of clouds. Mount Tai is most famous for its spectacular sunrise and sunset. Its landscape and numerous historical site shave inspired many great classics of ancient writers, scholars and calligraphers. Mount Tai has long been the preferred gathering place of artists and poets.//
一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。 Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the
fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.
二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the.weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the oldpeople in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.
三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, \"He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.\"In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the \"Great Wall\" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built.during the Ming Dynasty.
四、饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。
Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious .than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.
五、针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、
调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。
Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”
六、中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。
Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese kung fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.
七、汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was
extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script,
cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are \"---”(the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).
八、中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。
Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.
九、印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.
十、天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。
Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly
Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.
十一、京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。
hinese Beijing Opera Praised as \"Oriental Opera\of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance,acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through .stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).
十二、道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。
Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.
十三、中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。 Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature,
poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.
十四、中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。
China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a newera of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.
十五、中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。
The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a ..Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use ofthe natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s
three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.
十六、笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。 “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese,
bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick
produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinesecivilization, as it is. （1）原文：
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口约占世界总人口的22%。在过去相当长的时期里，由于诸多原因， 贫困一直困扰着中国。20世纪80年代中期，中国农村绝大多数地区凭借自身的发展优势，经济得到快速增长， 但少数地区由于经济、社会、历史、自然等方面的制约，发展相对滞后。中国政府在致力于经济和社会全面发 展的进程中，在全国范围内实施了以解决贫困人口温饱问题为主要目标的有计划、有组织的大规模扶贫开 发，极大地缓解了贫困现象。
China is the largest developing country in the world and its population accounts for about 22 percent of the world’s total. For a long period of its history, China has been plagued by poverty for various reasons. In the mid-1980s, the economy of an overwhelming majority of the rural areas in China grew dramatically by virtue of their own advantages, but a small number of areas still lagged behind because of the constraints of their economic, social, historical, and natural conditions. The Chinese government, while working on all-round economic and social development, has nationwide implemented a large-scale program for development-oriented poverty relief in a planned and organized way. With the main objective of helping poverty-stricken people solve the food and clothing problems, this program has gone a long way toward alleviating poverty.
要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表 性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在1840年至I860年。京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础 上形成的。京剧有明确的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京剧是在融 合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。 参考答案
To understand the Chinese culture, you have to know something about the Chinese opera culture. In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one. As an independent opera form, Peking Opera was approximately born between 1840 and I860. Peking opera originated from absorbing the essentials of other local operas. In Peking Opera there is a clear division of roles; the spoken parts are in Beijing dialect; and huqin, is the main accompaniment instrument. Since Peking Opera has combined the cream of various local operas, it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country.
中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果。欧盟巳经成为中国的重要经贸伙伴，是中国最大的技术供应方、 第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方。2001年，中欧贸易达到766亿美元，比上一年增长11%，尤其是中国从 欧盟的进口增长了 15.8%。我非常赞赏欧中贸协(Europe-China Business Association)与比中经贸理事
会 (Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council)为发展中欧关系所做出的努力。中欧经济贸易合作具有广 阔的前景。中欧经济具有很强的互补性，在贸易、投资、科技等领域具有很大的合作潜力。 参考答案：
China-EU economic and trade cooperation has yielded heartening fruits. The EU has now become an important economic and trade partner of China, working as the largest technology supplier, the third largest trading partner and the fifth largest actual investor in China. Bilateral trade reached
76.6 billion dollars in 2001, achieving an 11% increase compared to the previous year. In particular, China’s imports from the EU grew by 15.8%. I highly appreciate the efforts by the Europe-China Business Association and the Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council for developing China-EU ties. China-EU trade and economic cooperation is endowed with a promising future. The two economies are strongly complimentary to each other and hence enjoy huge potential for cooperation in trade, investment, science and technology areas. 中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵 节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢 度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家 家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他 的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。 参考答案：
Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday. In China, it is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealth and good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends.
原文:关于吃月饼这个传统的来历有两个传说。一个是唐朝的神话故事，说的是当时地球被10个太阳包围着。有一天10个太阳同时出现在天空中，巨大的热量几乎把地球烤焦了。多亏一位名叫后羿的神箭手射下了9个太阳，地球才被保住。为了奖励后羿，王母娘娘赐给后羿一种长生不老药，但是王母警告他必须正当使用。然而后羿没有理会王母娘娘的警告，他被名利冲昏了头脑，变成了一个暴君。后羿美丽的妻子嫦娥对他的暴行再也不能袖手旁观，于是她偷走了后羿的长生不老药，飞到月亮上逃避后羿的狂怒。从此就有了关于月宫仙子嫦娥，这个月亮上的美丽女人的传说。
There are two legends which claim to explain the tradition of eating mooncakes. One Tang Dynasty myth holds that the Earth once had 10 suns circling it. One day all 10 suns appeared at once, scorching the planet with their heat. It was thanks to a skillful archer named Hou Yi that the Earth was saved. He shot down all but one of the suns. As his reward, the Heavenly Queen Mother gave Hou Yi the Elixir of Immortality, but she warned him that he must use it wisely. Hou Yi ignored her advice and, corrupted by fame and fortune, became a tyrannical leader. Chang-Er, his beautiful wife, could no longer stand by and watch him abuse his power so she stole his Elixir and fled to the moon to escape his angry wrath. And thus began the legend of the beautiful woman in the moon, the Moon Fairy. and thus began
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