1．动词不定式的常用形式： 主 动 被 动 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 一般式 完成式 to do to be doing to have done to have been doing to be done to have been done 2．例句： 一般时：I happened to meet him in the street. 我碰巧在街上见到他了。
进行时：She happened to be watching TV at home. 她碰巧正在家里看电视。 完成时：I seem to have left my book at home. 我大概是把书忘在家里了。 完成进行时：They seemed to have been working on the program ever since October 1st. 自从„„，他们似乎一直在从事这个项目。 一般时的被动形式：The house seemed to be covered with white snow. 房子当时似乎被白雪覆盖着。 完成时的被动形式：
Mr. Pan is said to have been rejected 3 times for his visa by the US Consulate. 据说潘老师的赴美签证申请三次被美国领事馆拒签。 3．动词不定式的语法功能： 动词不定式可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。 1） 主语：
① To master a foreign language is very important. = It is very important to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语很重要 ② To act like that is foolish. 像那样去行事是愚蠢的。= It is foolish to act like that. ③ America is my lifetime dream. 去美国是我一生的梦想 = my lifetime dream America.
2）表语：① My job is to drive them to the company every day. 我的工作就是每天开车送他们去公司。
② Her wish was to become an artist. 她的愿望是成为一名艺术家。
③ My dream is live in the USA. 我唯一的梦想就是生活在美国。
3）宾语：① Do you want to visit the Great Wall? 你想游览长城吗？
② Can you give us some advice on what to do next?你能给我们一些建议下一步该怎么做吗？ ③ He promised an hour. 他答应过一个小时以后回来。
4）宾补：① The teacher advised us to have a rest first. 老师建议我们先休息一下。
② I didn’t notice them come in. 我没有注意到他进来。
③ She wanted you call her at 11:00. 她要你11:00给她回电话。
5) 定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后。
① Who was the first one to arrive today? 今天是谁第一个到的？
② He is the man to depend on / to believe in. 他是一个可靠的（可信赖的）人。 ③ I need something to eat. 我需要些吃的东西。
④ I need something read while sitting on top of the toilet. 上厕所的时候，我需要找个东西读。
⑤ The bridge to be built over the river will be the longest one in China. 在这条河上将要建造的大桥将会成为中国最长的大桥。 ⑥ The books (publish) next month are not intended for children. 下个月即将出版的书不是给孩子们看的。 6）状语：不定式常可用来表示：a) 目的；b) 结果；c) 原因。
A．目的状语：She reads China Daily every day to (so as to / in order to) improve her English. = In order to improve her English, she reads China Daily every day. 【注】in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。
练习： a better university, many students re-take the test next year. Many students re-take the test next year go to a better university.
为了上一个更好的学校，很多学生选择来年再考一次。 make B．原因状语：
① I'm glad to see you. ② He is eager to go to college. ③ She is sure to come here. C．结果状语：
① He eventually lived to see the birth of his great grandchildren. 他最终一直活到见到了他的重孙。 ② He went home, only to find that his house was broken into. 他回到家，结果发现家被人闯入过了。 4．复合结构不定式（for/of sb. to do sth.）
① I think it necessary for him to go there at once. 我认为有必要让他马上去那儿。（不定式作宾语） ② It's important for us to learn some English grammar. 对我们来说学一些英语语法是重要的。（主语） ③ It is kind of you to come and see me. 你来看望我真好。
④ It’s silly of you to buy such an old bike. 你买这样一辆旧自行车真傻！ 5．疑问词＋不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。如：
① How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语） ② We don’t know when and where to go.（宾语） 6．不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系： 1）一般式：
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① I happened to meet him in the street. 我碰巧在街上见到他了。
② Mr. Pan seems to know a lot about America. 潘老师似乎对美国了解很多。 2）完成式，表示过去发生的动作：
① I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，刚才让你久等了。
② She seems to have been a teacher for many years. 她似乎曾当过老师很多年。
③ They thought it a pity not to have invited her. 他们为当时没有邀请她而感到很遗憾。 3）进行式，表示正在发生的动作：
① She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in. 当我进来的时候她碰巧正在写一封信。 ② He pretended to be sleeping. 他假装着正在睡觉。 7．不定式的被动式：
① What is to be done is unknown. 将要做什么还不得而知。（做主语） ② The bridge to be built there is very long. 在那儿将要建造的大桥很长的。（做定语） ③ He asked to be sent to teach in the countryside. 她要求被派到农村去教书。（做宾语） ④ He wanted the letter to be typed at once. 他要这封信马上被打出来。（做宾补） ⑤ The questions to be answered are on page 32. 要回答的问题在第32页上。（做 语）
语法讲解——现在分词（Unit 2, Book 5）
1．分词有两种：“现在分词”（The Present Participle） 和“过去分词”（The Past Participle）。 2．语法功能：在句中作“定语”、“表语”、“宾补”和“状语”。 3．现在分词的基本用法： （1）一般主动式用法： A．作定语： ①The sleeping child is only five years old.＝The child who is sleeping is only five years old. 那睡觉的孩子只有五岁。 ②The girl sitting next to me is from No. 27 Middle School.＝The girl who sits next to me is from No. 27 Middle School. ③The elephant that weighs 500 kilos is actually from Africa.＝The elephant weighing 500 kilos is actually from Africa.
那头重500公斤的大象实际上来自非洲。
④ The factory which makes TV sets is very large.＝The factory TV sets is very large那家生产电视机的工厂很大。 B．作表语： ① The story sounds very interesting. ② The news is very exciting. ③ Her explanation is confusing. 她的解释使人困惑。 C．作宾补：用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。 ① We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 我们能从湿衣服上看到水蒸气升起。 ② I heard Tom singing in the empty room. 我听到了Tom在空房间里唱歌。 ③ Don’t keep the students doing homework all day. 别让学生们整天做作业。 D．作状语： ① 时间状语：
1) Reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life. = When I was reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life.＝While I was reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life. 读着这封信，我不禁想到我的学生时代。 2) Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.＝When he heard the news, he jumped with joy. 一听到这消息，他高兴得跳了起来。 3) Having finished all her homework, she went to bed.=After she finished all her homework, she…做完了所有作业后，她睡觉了。 4) Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.=After he had observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. 在观察了这问题多年之后，他宣布我们现在正面临着这个时代最头疼的环境问题。
5) When I look back, I find I didn’t like some of the questions the audience asked though.= back, I find I didn’t like… 6) After I talked to you today, I think we should work on some projects together.
= to you today, I think we should work on some projects together.
7) Be careful when you are crossing the road.=Be careful when the road. 过马路时，小心点。 ② 原因状语：
1) Being ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday.=As I was ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday. 由于生病了，我昨天没上学。 2) We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.
=We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. 我们在编织大洞眼的渔网，因为我们希望避免捕捞尚未成熟的鱼。
3) He was punished by his teacher, because he had not finished his homework. 因为没完成作业，他受到了老师的惩罚。 =Not his homework, he was punished by his teacher.
4) As she didn’t hear the question clearly, she asked the interviewer to repeat it.= Not the question clearly, she… 5) Because she was so excited, she couldn’t go to sleep.= so excited, she couldn’t go to sleep. 她太兴奋得睡不着。 ③ 条件状语：
1) Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.=If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.
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2) Walking straight down this road, you will see the post office on your left.=If you walk straight down this road, you will see… 【比较】Walk straight down this road and you’ll see the post office on your left.
3) If you stand on top of the hill, you’ll see the whole city. = on top of the hill, you’ll see the whole city. 【比较】Standing on top of the hill, you’ll see the whole city. 如果站在山顶上看，你将会看到整个城市。
Seen on top of the hill, the whole city looks beautiful. 如果从山顶上看，整个城市看上去很美。
④ 方式状语或曰伴随状语：
1) Helen stood at the school gate, waiting for Anna. Helen站在校门口，等Anna。 2) Noreen lay in bed, memorizing new words. Noreen躺在床上背生词。
3) He came and ran into the room.=He came into the room. 他跑着进了屋。
4) The teacher came into the classroom and held a book in his hand.=The teacher came into the classroom, a book in his hand. 老师手拿一本书走进教室。
5) They came into the classroom, and . 他们说说笑笑地走进了教室。 ⑤ 结果状语：
1) The man died, leaving his pretty young wife and three young kids. 那男的死了，结果留下了漂亮的妻子和三个年幼的孩子。 2) A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, which resulted in an increase in production.
=A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, thus(于是) in an increase in production. 大量的新机器被从国外引入，（结果）导致生产增加。
3) The car was held up by the storm and caused the delay.=The car was held up by the storm, the delay. 汽车被暴风雨所阻挡，因而耽搁了。 ⑥ 让步状语：
1) Though feeling tired, Anna didn’t stop working.=Though Anna felt tired, she didn’t stop working.
2) Although （工作）very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. 虽然学得很努力了，他还是没有通过期末考试。 （2）一般被动式用法：表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。
① The car being repaired is mine. 正在修理的汽车是我的。＝The car which is being repaired is mine.
The letter will be sent out tomorrow.=The letter which is being written will be sent out… ② Being repaired, the car can’t be used.=As it is being repaired, the car can’t be used. 由于这汽车正在被修理，所以不能用。 , the door cannot be closed for the moment. 由于正在油漆，那扇门暂时还不能关起来。 =As it is being painted, the doo cannot be closed for the moment.
（3）完成被动式用法：表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语。
①Having been praised a second time, I decided to make still greater progress.第二次受到表扬之后，我决心要取得更大进步。 ② by his parents, he decided to leave home and make a living by himself. =After he had been punished a third time by his parents, he decided to leave home and make a living by himself. ⑦ 独立成分作状语
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
Judging from/by根据„„判断；Speaking of说到„„；Frankly speaking坦率地说；Strictly speaking严格地说； Generally speaking, 总的来说；To be honest with you, 老实跟你说吧；To tell you the truth, 实不相瞒； ①Judging by his face, he was angry. 从他的脸色上看，他很生气。 ②Speaking of chemistry, she is a genius(天才). ③Frankly speaking, the car is not worth buying. 坦率地说，这部车不值得买。
④ from his appearance, he looks more like a taxi driver. 从他的外貌(appearance)看，他更像一名的哥。 ⑤ , I’m not the teacher here. 老实跟你说吧，我不是这里的老师。
语法讲解——过去分词（Unit 3, Book 5）
1．分词有两种：“现在分词”（Present Participle） 和“过去分词”（Past Participle）。 2．语法功能：“过去分词”在句中作“定语”、“表语”、“宾补”和“状语”。 3．过去分词的基本用法： A．作定语： ①The letter written in English will be sent out tomorrow. 那封用英文写的信明天将被寄送出去。 =The letter which is written in English will be sent out tomorrow. ②The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, was a great success. 有五千多人出席的大会开得很成功。 =The meeting, which was attended by over 5000 people, welcomed the great hero.
③The puzzled look on her face suggested that she hadn’t quite caught your meaning.她脸上困惑的表情表明她还没有领会你的意思。 ④The interested audience enjoyed every minute of the concert. 兴致勃勃的观众享受了演唱会的每一分钟。
⑤Mr. Pan’s learning material is only intended for the interested students. “潘氏讲义”只写给感兴趣的学生看的。 【比较】“现在分词”和“过去分词作”定语：
the interesting people有趣的人们，有意思的人 — the interested people感兴趣的人，有兴趣的人； a boring speech令人厌倦的发言 — a bored boy一个感到无聊的男孩
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falling snow正在纷纷下落的雪 — fallen snow落下来的雪；developing countries发展中国家—developed countries发达国家 a girl sitting next to me =a girl who sits next to me 坐在我旁边的女孩；
a letter written in English=a letter which/that is written in English一封用英文写的信
He’s an interesting man.他是一个很有意思的男人。— He is an interested man in everything. 他是一个对什么都感兴趣的男人。 B．作表语： ①The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。 ②The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。
③The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。 ④Everybody got excited at the news. 听到这消息大家都变得兴奋起来。 C．作宾补：
①I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
②She raised her voice so as to make herself heard by everyone present in the meeting. 她提高嗓门为了让自己的声音被到会的所有人听到。
③He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。
④We found her seated by the window, daydreaming. 我们发现她坐在窗口，发呆。 ⑤He got/had his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天去把牙拔了。 ⑥He had/got his money stolen. 他的钱给偷了。 ⑦Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。
【比较】Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain. 别让她在外面的雨中一直等着。 一道经典试题：Mother went out, _______ her baby _______.
A. leaving, cry B. leaving, cried C. leaving, crying D. leaving, to cry
D．作状语：
①Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. = As he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 由于淋了雨，他全身湿透了。 ②Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.= If they are grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
③Given more time, we could do it better.=If we were given more time, we could do it better.（条件状语） ④He stood there silently, moved to tears. 他静静地站在那里，（被）感动得热泪盈眶。（伴随状语）
⑤When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你接受体检时，你应该保持镇定. （时间状语） 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语。 F．“with + 宾语 + 过去分词”结构：
“with +名词+过去分词”结构。这一结构通常在句中作“时间”、“方式”、“条件”、“原因”等状语 ①The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带了进了，双手被绑在背后。（表方式） ②With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。（表条件） ③With the matter settled, we all went home. 由于事情得到了解决，我们都回家了。(表原因) ④She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他。（表方式） ⑤He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。（表方式） G．含有“现在分词”和“过去分词”短语以及其他形式的“独立主格结构”： ① The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.＝When the bell rang, we all stopped talking.（表示“时间”） ② There being no bus, we had to walk home.＝There was no bus, so we had to walk home.（表示“原因”） ③ Weather permitting, we can go out for a BBQ.=If weather permits, we can go out for a BBQ.（表示“条件） ④ He was lying on the grass, hands crossed under head. 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。（表示“伴随”或者“补充说明”） =He was lying on the grass with his hands crossed under his head.
⑤ A hunter came in, his face red with cold. 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。（表示“伴随”或者“补充说明”） 将下列主从复合句改写成独立主格结构：
1) Since there was no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。 →There discuss, we all went home. 2) As that day was Sunday, we had no classes. 那天是星期天，我们没有课。 →That day , we had no classes.
3) If time permits, I’ll teach you a Christmas song. 如果时间许可，我将教你们唱一首圣诞歌曲。 →Time , I’ll teach you a Christmas song.
4) When class was over, we went home. → Class , we went home.
5) When everybody was seated, the meeting began. → Everybody , the meeting began. 6) Since the monitor is ill, we’d better put the meeting off. → The monitor ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 从一道高考题看独立主格结构的用法：
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _______ at the end of last March.(2007年山东卷) A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 【译文】由于最新的航天器于去年三月低发送到了太空，这个国家到目前已经发送了三颗无人航天器。 1．名词或代词 + 现在分词
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1) She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。
2) They were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened.他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 2．名词或代词 + 过去分词
1) This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。(表时间)
2) She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况) 3．名词或代词 + 不定式
He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加个会议，所有费用由公司支付。 4．名词或代词 + 形容词或副词
1) He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
2) She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
5．名词或代词 + 介词短语
1) The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们手里端着枪冲了进来。 2) He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
语法讲解——非谓语动词的归纳、比较与复习（Unit 1, Book 6）
非谓语动词包括：1）不定式短语；2）动名词短语；3）分词短语。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1．不定式和动名词作“主语”的区别：
不定式作主语表示动作或者事情尚未发生；动名词作主语通常表示事物的性质。 1. To be a teacher is her dream. =It is her dream to be a teacher. 当老师是她的梦想。（表示动作尚未发生） 2. Smoking is bad to your health. 抽烟对身体有害。（表示行为的性质）
3. Being close to nature is a trend nowadays. 如今，亲近大自然是一种时尚（潮流）。
4. is my lifetime dream. 去美国是我一生的梦想。 5. keep fit. 游泳对于保持健壮有帮助。 注：动名词作主语时，通常表示一件已知的事或经验。例如：
1) Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
2) Driving a car during the rush hour is annoying. 在交通高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
3) in the sea is one of my favorite sports. 在大海里游泳是我最喜爱的运动之一。 4) after is dangerous. 酒后驾车是危险的。 2．不定式、动名词和分词作“表语”的区别：
（1）不定式作表语：不定式作表语一般表示“具体动作”，特别是表示“将来的动作”。
1) To do two things at a time is to do neither. 一次做两件事等于两个都没做。 2) My suggestion is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始工作。 3) My dream is to America. 我的梦想就是去美国。 （2）动名词作表语：动名词作 表语，表示“任务”或者“内容”。
1) Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 2) His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 3) Her job is . 她的工作就是养猪。 （3）分词作表语：现在分词或者过去分词作表语，表示主语的“特征”、“状况”，其用法相当于形容词。 1) Her words are very encouraging. 她的话非常令人鼓舞。 2) My heart was broken when I heard the sad news. 当我听到这悲伤的消息，我的心都碎了。
3) The look on her face reminded me the news she brought to me last term. 她脸上失望的表情让我想起了上学期她给我带来的令人失望的消息。 3．不定式和分词作“宾补”的用法和特点：
1) The teacher got his students to read after him a second time. 老师叫他的学生跟着他又读了第二遍。(get sb. to do sth.) 2) The teacher had his students read after him a second time. 老师叫他的学生跟着他又读了第二遍。(have sb. do sth.) 3) He had a few of his friends to lie to the policeman. 他找来了他的几个朋友向警察撒谎。(have sb. to do sth.) 4) He had the machine running all night long. 他让那台机器整夜运转着。(have sth./sb. doing)
5) She raised her voice to make herself heard more clearly. 她提高了嗓门为了让自己的声音被听得更加清楚。(make oneself done) 4．不定式、分词和动名词作“定语”的特点：
1) He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个能住的不错的房子。（“不定式短语”作后置定语） 2) I have a meeting . 我有一个会议要出席。
3) There was a variety of food . 有五花八门的食物可（从中）选择。 4) I need some paper . 我需要一些纸写（字）。
5) I can’t find a pen .我找不到一只可以写字的钢笔。
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6) The girl sitting next to me is my former classmate. 坐在我身边的女孩是我以前的同学。（“现在分词短语”作后置定语） 7) The boy me is my friend. 站在我身后的男孩是我的朋友。 8) The letter written in English will be sent out tomorrow. 用英语写的那封信明天将寄出去。（“过去分词短语”作后置定语） 9) The consume less gas. 日本制造的小汽车耗油量少。 10) The letter being written is intended for the principal. 正在写的那封信是给校长看的。（含有“正在进行时”的分词短语） 11) The song is written by me. 正在唱的那首歌是我写的。
12) The letter to be sent out tomorrow is nowhere to be seen. 明天将寄出去的那封信不见了。（“不定式短语”作定语表将来） 13) The bridge next year will be the longest one in the world. 明年要建的那座桥将是全世界最长的桥。 注1：两种“不定式短语”作定语在意思上的区别：
1) Do you have any clothes to wash today? 你今天有衣服要洗吗？（听话的人自己洗）
2) Do you have any clothes to be washed today? 你今天有衣服要（拿去<来>）洗吗？（听话的人让别人去洗，可能是说话人洗） 3) As a secretary, I have two letters this morning. 作为秘书，今天上午我有两封信要打出来。（打字：type） 4) Manager, do you have any letters this morning? 经理，今天上午您有信件要（拿来）打吗？ 注2：现在分词和动名词作定语的区别：前者含有逻辑上的主谓关系；后者表示“用途”。 1) a sleeping baby（现在分词作定语）；2) a sleeping bag（动名词作定语） 你来判断一下：1) a burning stick（现在分词or动名词）；2) a swimming pool（现在分词or动名词） 5．不定式、分词作“状语”包括：
1）目的状语：He sat down to have a rest. 他坐下来休息。（坐下来的目的是为了休息）
He went to France French。 他去法国学习法语。
2）结果状语：She reached school, only to find it was Sunday. 她赶到学校，结果却发现是星期天。（表示意想不到的结果） George returned after the war, only （结果却被告知） that his wife had left him. My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。（表示结果） I want to （见到你们的孙子）come to this world. Mr. Pan （想活到100岁）. 注1：比较“不定式短语”和“现在分词短语”做结果状语的区别：
I hurried to the supermarket, only to find it was closed. 我匆忙赶到超市，结果发现已经关门了。 The man died, leaving his young wife and 3 young children. 那个男的死了，（结果）留下了年轻的妻子和三个幼小的孩子。 The man had been working on the computer, only smoking once in a while. 那男的在电脑前一直在工作，中途只是偶尔抽根烟。 He lifted a rock (only to drop/dropping/only dropping) it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。 He went out of the room with few clothes on, (only to feel/only feeling) rather cold.
他出去时衣穿得很少，渐渐地感到有些冷了。
He dropped the plate, (only breaking/only to break) it into pieces. 盘子从他手中掉下来，结果摔成了碎片。 注2：比较动词不定式和分词作状语的区别：
They stood by the roadside, talking about the plan. 他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。（伴随） They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan. 他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。（目的） 3）原因状语：表示喜怒哀乐的形容词作表语其后的不定式作
I am very glad to see you. 见到你我非常高兴。（to see you 作glad的原因状语）
We are very pleased that you’ve been admitted to the foreign language college of Anhui Normal University. 我们高兴的通知你，你被录取到了安徽师范大学外国语学院。 4）程度状语：该句子中往往带有enough或too
He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。
She is old enough （以至于能够照料自己了）. He was too excited not to say a few words. 他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。
Henry was too tired （都不想洗）his smelly feet before going to bed.
6．现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语的比较：其原则是主句中的主语一定要和分词短语中的逻辑主语一致。 Standing on top of the hill, you’ll see the whole city. （内涵：你站在山顶，你看见城市） Seen on top of the hill, the whole city looks beautiful. （内涵：整座城市很美，城市被看）
1) Comparing the two cities, you’ll find its difference. 如果你比较一下这两座城市，你将发现它们的不同。
2) Compared with other cities in Anhui, Wuhu is much better in many ways. 跟安徽其他城市相比，芜湖在很多方面要好得多。 3) (Basing/Based) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. =If an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. 4) He made his decision (basing/based) on that theory.
=He made his decision which on that theory.
5) (Dressed/Dressing) in white, the middle-aged woman looked like a school girl.（结构： ） =As she in white, the middle-aged woman looked like a school girl.
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7. 某些动词之后或者动词短语，只能跟动名词，即 v.-ing： 1) I enjoy singing English songs. (enjoy doing) 2) She practices dancing every day. (practice doing) 3) He kept coughing on the bus. (keep doing) 4) She’s finished eating. (finish doing) 5) Let’s go swimming together, shall we? 6) She dislikes wearing a hat in winter. (dislike doing) 7) Do you mind closing the window? (mind doing) 8) We don’t allow smoking here. (allow doing) 9) I used to consider moving to Shanghai. (consider doing) 10) He tried to avoid meeting her. (avoid doing) 11) They knew they risked being arrested(逮捕). 12) Mr. Shi often delays(耽搁；拖延) dismissing his class. 13) I can’t help(情不自禁) thinking of the ocean at the sight of you.
14) I feel like kissing the baby. 我好想亲一口这宝宝。 15) I can’t imagine Mr. Pan cooking at home. 16) I spend half an hour reading English aloud every day. 17) She narrowly missed hitting him. 她差一点就打中他了。 18)I had a lot of difficulty/trouble/no problem finding her house. (have difficulty/trouble doing sth.; have no problem doing) 19) She was caught stealing in the supermarket. (be caught doing)
20) It’s no use/good crying over the spilt(泼洒出来的) milk. (It’s no use/good doing)
为洒出来的牛奶哭是没有用的。（或者：天下没有后悔药。）
21) It is a waste of time watching TV all day. 整天看电视是浪费时间。
22) This book is worth reading twice.=This book is worthy to be read twice.
23) His words left us wondering about his real purpose. (leave sb. doing) 他的话让我们对他的真正目的感到不解。 24) The fire sent everybody running from all directions. (send sb. doing) 大火使得大家四处逃窜。 25) I had great fun playing cards with them. 我和他们打扑克牌打得非常高兴。(have fun doing)
8．下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 ………………….... forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事 remember to do sth. 记住要去做某事…………….... remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事 regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事……………....... regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事 stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事……………........ stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情
try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事……………................. try doing sth. 尝试着做某事（看结果怎么样） mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事……………....... mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事…………go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.) can’t help to do sth. 不能帮忙（助）做某事…….... can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事
经典错误剖析（Unit 1, Book 6）
1）误：It’s no use to talk to him.
正：It’s no use talking to him. 跟他谈没用。
原因：It’s no use/good do-ing sth为固定搭配。又如：It’s no use reasoning with him. 跟他讲道理没有用。 2）误：Time permits, I’ll talk for another hour. 如果时间允许，我讲再讲一个小时。
正：①If time permits, I’ll talk for another hour. ②Time permitting, I’ll talk for another hour. 原因：一个“，”不能隔开两个单句。因为，任何两个单句之间都需要一个相应的“连词”连接。如①所示。
②为“独立主格结构”，其结构：“名词 + 分词，+ 主句”。其特点是独立主格结构里的主语无需跟主句中的主语一致。又如：
Whether permitting, we’ll go on a trip to Nanjing. 或者：If whether permits, we’ll go on a trip to Nanjing.
3）误：Being dressed in white, the lady looks beautiful.
正：Dressed in white, the lady looks beautiful. 穿着白衣服，那女的看上去很美。
原因：Dressed in white, the lady looks… = (As she is) dressed in white, the lady looks beautiful. 多余的话：“过去分词短语”在句首，其前面不可以出现Being，只有形容词短语放在句首才要加一个Being. 如：
Being ill, she didn’t come today. 由于生病了，她今天没来。（正确） Being too excited, she didn’t know what to say. 由于太激动，她都不知道说什么了。（正确） Being lost in thought, he almost ran into a car. 由于陷入沉思，他差一点撞到了一棵树。（错误） Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.（正确）
Being drunk, he walked into a door. 由于喝醉了，他撞到了门。（正确）
4）误：Tony lent me the money, hoped that I’d do as much for him.
正：Tony lent me the money, hoping that I’d do as much for him. Tony把那笔钱借给我，因为他希望我为他尽力。
原因：在错句中出现了两个动词lent和hoped，而这两个动词的特点并无法表示一先一后，即使是一先一后，也要用
and或其他的“连词”连接起来。如果还原，则是：Tony lent me the money because he hoped that I’d do as much for him. 也就是说现在分词短语hoping that I’d do as much for him在这里作“原因状语”。
5）误：\"Genius\" is a complicated concept, involved many different factors.
正：\"Genius\" is a complicated concept, involving many different factors. 天才是一种涉及到很多不同因素的复杂概念。 原因：\"Genius\" is a complicated concept, which involves many different factors. 6）误：Do you know who is the first person inventing the computer?
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正：Do you know who is the first person to invent the computer? 你知道谁是第一个人发明电脑的？ 原因：被定语（定语从句例外）修饰的名词短语如果含有“序数词”或者“last”，一般情况下用不定式短语作定来
修饰前面的名词。如：Who is the first/last one to get here? 【比较】He was the first person that I thought of. 你来翻译一下：Do you know who was the last person （离开教室）.
He is always the first one （来）and the last one （离开）.
7）误：Seeing from the top of the mountain, the village looks very small.
正：Seen from the top of the mountain, the village looks very small. 从山顶看去，这村子很小。 原因：分词短语作状语的原则是主句中的主语一定要跟分词短语中的逻辑主语一致。又如：
1) Compared with others' houses, ours is small and old. 2) Comparing others' houses, I find ours is small and old.
8）误：The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy to have watched anything that happened to be on. 正：The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy to watch anything that happened to be on. 原因：She was very excited to see all her former students. 她见到以前所有的学生感到很激动。 不定式短语to see all her former students在句中作“原因状语”。或者说：表示情感的形容词其后的不定式均为
to do/be…
9）误：We don’t allow to smoke here.
正：We don’t allow smoking here. 我们不允许（他人）在这里抽烟。 原因：allow do-ing为固定搭配。（见上面的#7-8）然而，必须说：We are not allowed to smoke here.（be allowed to do） 10）误：Pressed from his parents, and realized that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing games. 正：Pressed from his parents, and realizing that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video
games. 由于受到来自父母的压力，并且意识到他已经浪费了太多的时间，那男孩决心不再打游戏了。
原因：(As he is) pressed from his parents, and (has realized) that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to… 11）误：After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope providing. 正：After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope provided.
填写好表格并签完名字之后，请把表格放在用所提供的信封内还给我们。 原因：the envelope (which has been) provided被提供的信封
12）误：John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter offered him it.
正：John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter offering him it. 约翰真的得到了这份工作，因为他给我看了提供这份工作的正式信函。
原因：the official letter offering him it=the official letter which has offered him it（信函上内容表明提供了他这份工作） 13）误：“It’s such a nice place,” Mother said as she sat at the table, reserving for customers.
正：“ It’s such a nice place, ” Mother said as he sat at the table, reserved for customers. „„，„„坐在为顾客预留的桌旁。 原因：the table, reserved for customers=the table which is reserved for customers为顾客预留的桌旁 14）误：There have been several new events adding to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
正：There have been several new events added to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. 原因：several new events (which have been) added to the program 好几项被添加给这些新项目的活动 15）误：I’ve heard her singing that song many times.
正：I’ve heard her sing that song many times. 原因：这里的关键词是many times（多次），所以，必须用hear sb. do sth. 而不是hear sb. doing sth.
【比较】He was last seen playing by the river. 他最后一次被看见是在河边玩耍。
16. 误：Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier break into small pieces.
误：Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier to be broken into small pieces.
正：Tom asked the candy maker if they could make the chocolate easier to break into small pieces. 汤姆问糖果制造商他们是否能把这种巧克力做的更容易劈成小块儿。
原因：make sth. easier to do 这里有一个误区：make sth. do sth. 可是，当出现make sth. “easy/difficult/soft/hot/cold”
等这些形容词的时候，后面的不定式短语往往用主动形式。又如：
Can you make my coffee hot enough to drink? 你能使我的咖啡喝起来够热吗？
17. 误：The ability expressing an idea is as important as the idea itself.
正：The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达出一种想法的能力跟（冒出来的）想法本身一样重要。 原因：如果出现the ability expressing，按照语法原则，则为the ability that expresses…。显然，ability不能成为express
的主语。
18. 误：The way he thought of working out the math problem is very simple.
正：The way (that ) he thought of to work out the math problem is very simple. 他想出来去解出这道数学题的方法很简单。 原因：这句话里面有两个定语同时修饰前面的way：①he thought of；②to work out the math problem。这里面容易让
人掉入陷阱的东西是thought of，容易让人看到介词of就误以为后面加do-ing。
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