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英语_[谓语动词八大时态]

2021-01-15 来源:六九路网


动词主要表示动作、状态和性质,而动作和状态的发生有具体的时间和表现方式,这就是英语中动词的时态。英语中动词的时态由动词的五种不同形式来表示。英语动词的五种基本形式为:动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去分词和过去式。

英语常见八种时态:

一般:现在时:谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数 过去时:谓语用动词的过去式

将来时:谓语用will/be going to+动词原形 现在:进行时:谓语用am/is/are+动词的现在分词 完成时:谓语用have/has+动词的过去分词 过去:进行时:谓语用were/was+动词的过去分词 完成时:谓语用had+动词的过去分词

将来时:谓语用would或was/were going to+动词原形

一、一般现在时: 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。 (1)一般现在时的构成:一般现在时主要用动词原形表示,如果主语是第三人称单数则在动词原形后加“-s”或“-es”。

(2)一般现在时的用法:

表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。与一般现在时连用的时间状语: ※表示频度的副词always,often,usually,sometimes等。

※on Sundays,on Monday afternoon,every day,in the morning,every year等时间状语。 ※once a year, twice a month, three times a week之类的表示频率的词组。 如:He gets up at five o’clock every day. He often plays football. ★表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如:

The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转) Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) ★表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的(将要发生的)事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车) ★在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家) ★一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如:Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。

一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.

二、一般过去时:表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。(过去常

常做某事也可用used to do sth来表示)

★表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,

时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, in the past, the other day, at that time, just now等。 ※ when引导的时间状语从句。

如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)

Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.

When he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father. He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市) ★表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,

时间状语有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。 如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. ★讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。 如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西) ★注意:有一些容易变化错误的单词,如:prefer→ preferred, fix→ fixed, mix→ mixed

三、一般将来时:表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。 ★一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day, soon, someday, sometime, in the future, in+一段时间; when/ after等引导的状语从句的主句中。I will call you when my mother comes back. ★用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称。“will”用于所有人称。 如:I will graduate from this school soon. ★表示有礼貌地询问对面是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。(不用be going to)

Will you please lend me your bike? ★表示意愿时。(不用be going to) We will help him if he asks us. 如果他请我们,我们愿意帮助他。 ★表示单纯性的将来,与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。(不用be going to) The sun will rise at 6:30. 太阳将在6:30升起。 ★“be going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) ★现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态) ★shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词,表示征求对方意见或请求。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗?)

Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗?)

★ “be about to+动词原形”和“be to+动词原形”结构表示按照计划即将发生的动作。如:Tom told her that he was (about) to go abroad.

【用法】

“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的一般将来时,其被动形式为“will / shall + be + 过去分词”。

(1) 表示单纯的将来。如:Her elder sister will be thirty years old next month. 下个月她姐姐就30岁了。 (2) 表示在说话时决定要去做某事。如:We are really lost. I’ll stop to ask someone the way. 我们真的迷路了。我要停下来问问路。

(3) 用于“祈使句+连词+简单句”固定句式中。如:Go straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it. 直走你就会看到一座教堂,你不会错过的。 【注意】

1. 用“be going to+动词原形”构成的一般将来时。 (1) 人作主语时表示打算,“有计划要做”。如:

My daughter is going to be a doctor when she grows up. 我女儿打算长大后当医生。 (2) 物作主语时表示目前有迹象表明将要发生某事,“有……的趋势(如天气变化)”。如: Look at the black clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云,要下雨了。 2. 用“be about to+动词原形”构成的一般将来时,“正要做……”

(1) 表示即将发生的动作,在时间上指最近的将来,时间范围小一些。如: We are about to start. 我们就要出发了。

The new school year is about to begin. 新学年开学在即。 (2) 在含有be about to do的句子中,不能再加时间状语。如: Wrong: The medical team is about to start immediately. Right: The medical team is about to start. 医疗队就要出发了。

3. 用“be to+动词原形”构成的一般将来时,计划性非常强,形式很正式,常常翻译成“应该”。 (1) 表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情。如:

The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. 明天学生们将在学校大门口集会。 (2) 表示可能性,必要、责任、义务、禁止等。如:

Her necklace was not to (couldn't) be found. 她的项链找不到了。 The door is to be locked. 你要把门关上。

4. 在含有条件状语从句的主从复合句中,主句一般不用be going to,而常用will(第一人称用shall)。从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时:如:

The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨,足球赛将被推迟举行。 5. 在时间、条件或让步状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。如: They will go home for the winter vacation as soon as they finish their exams. 他们一考完试就回家过寒假。

I can’t go to your birthday party unless my father agrees. 除非我爸爸同意,否则我去不了你的生日会。 【将来进行时与一般将来时的比较】

两者都表示将来的行为,但在用法上有所区别:

(1) 将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作;而一般将来时表示将来某时将要发生的动作。如:

She won’t be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow. 明天8点她不在办公室开会。 What will you do at five tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午五点你将干什么?

(2) 将来进行时常用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事;而一般将来时表示临时决定。如: We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。 -Did you tell Julia about the result? 你告诉朱莉娅结果了吗? -Oh, no. I will call her now. 噢,没有。我现在就告诉她。 (3) 将来进行时不表示个人意愿。如:

They will be meeting us at the station. 他们会在车站接我们的。 (4) 将来进行时比一般将来时在语气上要委婉客气。如:

When will you finish these letters? 你什么时候会处理完这些信件? When shall I be expecting you this evening? 今天晚上我几点等你?

四、现在进行时:现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。

(1) 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。 (2)现在进行时的用法

①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。常与now, look, listen, at the moment等连用。

——What are you doing? ——I’m reading English. ②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。常与these days等时间状语连用。 They are studying hard this term. 他们这学期学习一直很努力。 My father is writing a novel these days. ★(3)位移动词:go,come,leave,stay,start,begin等,常用进行时表将来。表示即将发生或安排

好要做的事情。

We are leaving for London soon. 我们很快就要动身去伦敦了。

She is going there tomorrow. 她明天要去那里。 I’m coming now.(我就来) ★(4)表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情

色彩。

如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it a few days later. ★(5)但应注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中。

A、表示感觉的动词。如see,hear等。

B、表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如like,love,hate等。 C、表示希望的动词。如want,would like等。

D、表示状态的动词。如be等。 E、表示归属的动词。如have等。 F、表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如know,think,forget等。

(6) 特别注意:Look! The rain _______ (stop). 答案[has stopped] Look! The sun ________(rise). 答案[has risen]

五、过去进行时:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。

① 过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。 ② 过去进行时的时间状语有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),

以及由when/while引出的时间状语从句。 如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)

The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.

③ 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。

如:She saw it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ Father was watching TV while mother was cooking supper.

★④ 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞

扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)

六、将来进行时:“将来某时(段)正进行,预计不久要发生。通常用在口语中,语气委婉顿生情。” 【用法】

将来进行时由“助动词will / shall + be + 现在分词”构成,具体用法如下:

(1) 表示将来某时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。常与soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in

two days, tomorrow evening等表示将来的时间状语连用。如:

I will be having an English class at 8 tomorrow. 我明天八点钟正在上英语课。

Mary will be working in the factory in the next two months.下两个月玛丽将在这个厂里工作。 (2) 在口语中常用来表示按计划或安排即要发生的动作。如:

This time tomorrow I shall be flying to New York. 明天这个时候我将飞往纽约。 At 7:00 this evening I will be watching the news programmes on TV. 今晚七时,我将正在收看电视上的新闻节目。

(3) 表示预料不久要发生或势必要发生的事情或将来的某种可能性,说话人往往有“我料想”或“我估计”的含义。如:

We believe that peasants’ life will be getting better and better. 我们相信农民的生活会越来越好。

If we don’t do so, we shall be making a serious mistake. 如果我们不那样做,我们就会犯严重的错误。 (4) 表示亲切或委婉的语气。如:

When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面? 【注意】

在时间、条件等状语从句中,用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如: Be careful when you are crossing the street. 过马路时要当心。

If Tom is doing his homework when you come back, don’t disturb him, please. 你回来时如果汤姆正在做作业,请不要打扰他。

七、现在完成时:现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直

延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。 ①在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。 ②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有:already, yet, just, once, twice, ever, never, three times, before等。

如:I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画) He has just gone to England.(他刚去英国) ★③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时(肯定句或疑问句中动词必须用延续性动词),时间状语有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。

如:I have been away from my hometown for three years.(我离开家乡有3年了) = I have been away from my hometown since three years ago. = I have been away from my hometown since 2005. = It is 3 years since I left my hometown.

④ 口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They have got thousands of books in their

library.(他们图书馆有上万本书) ★⑤have been to与have gone to的区别:have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去

过…(次)”)表示人在这里。

如:--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英国。) I have been to Beijing three times. (我去过那里三次。)

★ ⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间

动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。come→be here, go→be there, die→be dead, borrow→keep, buy→have, join→be in(be a …member),leave→be away, begin to study→study等。如下图: 具体变化见下表: 非延续性动词 延续性动词 buy have borrow come go/leave open/close

keep be here be away (from) be open/be closed

begin/start end/finish die catch a cold become interested in get married put on get up wake up fall asleep join leave arrive/reach 或者使用下面这个句型: be on be over be dead have a cold be interested in ge married wear be up be awake be asleep be in = be a member of be away from be It is / has been + (多久) + since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语 [注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是:瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如:How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow)

八、过去完成时:过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。过去完成时在句中使用时一般必须有一个或暗含一个发生在过去的动作与其相比较,使用过去完成时的动词动作发生在该过去的动作之前。 ①过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。 ②过去完成时时间状语有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when, before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once, ever, never等词语,也会有for… 或since…构成的时间状语。

如:They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came. The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.

She had left by the time I arrived. 我到达以前,她已经离开了。 He had lived in Shanghai for ten years before he came here. I met Tom in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other for 3 years. ★③过去完成时常用于宾语从句、after引导的从句,或者从句是before引导的主句中。 如:After I had put on my shoes and hat, I walked into the darkness.(

He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.

(直接引语中的过去时或现在完成时,改为间接引语时常改为过去完成时)

九、将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。

构成:will/shall+have+完成式用于第一人称,will+have+完成式用于其他人称。 实例a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。

They will have been married for 20 years by then.

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

将来完成时的构成 是由\"shall/will + have +过去分词\"构成的。

Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。

He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同学了。

Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧? 将来完成时的用法 ①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

②表示推测,相当于\"must have done\"结构。

You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已经听说过这件事了。

I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了这个信息 ③.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间

we will have been married a year on june 25th 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了

十、现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并且还有可能持续下去。如: We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我们等他等了两个小时。

现在完成进行时的用法:现在完成进行时由“have /has been + 现在分词”构成。

现在完成进行时所用的时间状语:this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 时间段, since +时间点, for + 时间段。如:

They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。

现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成

(一)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。

The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 有2000年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去) I have been learning English since three years ago. 自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。(动作还将继续下去) (二)表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。

We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等)

(三)有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。 They have been living in this city for ten years.

They have lived in this city for ten years. 他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。 I have been working here for five years.

I have worked here for five years. 我在这里已经工作五年了。 (四)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。 I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去) 我一直在写一本书。 I have written a book.(动作已经完成) 我已经写了一本书。 They have been building a bridge. 他们一直在造一座桥。 They have built a bridge. 他们造了一座桥。

(五)表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have known him for years. 我认识他已经好几年了。

* I have been knowing... 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌,等。 其构成形式如下: I / we / they have He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下:

1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如: Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.

Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如: It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下) Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.

3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如: She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如: Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.

注意: 现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。

现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以现在完成进行时的否定结构 在当代英语中,现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如:

Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.

He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。

十一、过去完成进行时用法介绍 过去完成进行时

形式:I (or You,He,John,They,Those men) had been studying.

过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近,它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作: He had been waiting for two weeks. He was still waiting.(有一个表示一段时间的状语) Up to that time he had been translating those books.(He was still translating at “that time”.) He had been writing the letter till two o''clock.

He was now thirty years old.He had been gambling since he was ten.(He was still gambling at thirty.) He had been standing there in the sun.(没有时间状语) He had been thinking about his marriage.

不过这个时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去:

He came back at seven.He had been waiting for her two hours.(At seven he did not wait any more.) He stopped swimming.He had been swimming for the last three hours. 另一方面,这个时态也和现在完成进行时一样,也可有一些特别的含义: 1)尚未完成:

He had been writing the novel.(He had not finished it yet.)

有些动词(如rain, snow, cough, work等)本身并不表示动作完成,这时用两种时态都可以,且含义区别不大: It rained [was raining] all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。 过去进行时用法复习

核心提示:■构成方法过去进行时由“was *were++现在分词”构成。■基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作:He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。We were expecting you yesterday. 我们昨天一直在等你。He was pl...

■基本用法

主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作:He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。

We were expecting you yesterday. 我们昨天一直在等你。 He was playing while I was studying. 我在做功课时他在玩。

与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,如:

They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。

■与一般过去时的区别

过去进行时通常表示一个过去正在进行且尚未完成的动作,而一般过去时则通常表示一个过去已经完成的动作:I was reading a book last night. 我昨晚在看书。(不一定看完)

I read a book last night. 我昨晚看了一本书。(已经看完)

有些动词(如rain, snow, cough, work等)本身并不表示动作完成,这时用两种时态都可以,且含义区别不大:

It rained [was raining] all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。

八、过去将来时 表示从过去某一时间看将来发生或预计将要的动作或存在的状态。

①过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would +动词原形”。 ★②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有:later, soon, the next (day). Tom told me (that) he would go swimming the next day. ③表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作,用were/was going+动词原形。 I thought it was going to rain soon. 我原以为马上就要下雨了。 They were going to start a new job when I saw them then. ④go,come,leave,arrive,start等位移动词,其过去进行时表示过去将来时。

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