ASTM D 3574-01 Standard Test Methods for flexible cellular materials-slab, bonded, and molded uretha

2023-03-17 来源：六九路网

Designation:D3574–01

StandardTestMethodsfor

FlexibleCellularMaterials—Slab,Bonded,andMoldedUrethaneFoams1ThisstandardisissuedundertheﬁxeddesignationD3574;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.

1.Scope*

1.1Thesetestmethodsapplytoslab,bonded,andmoldedﬂexiblecellularproductsknownasurethanefoams.Urethanefoammaybegenerallydeﬁnedasanexpandedcellularproductproducedbytheinteractionofactivehydrogencompounds,water,andisocyanates.

1.2Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.

1.3ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.

NOTE1—ThereisnoequivalentISOstandard,howevercertaintestmethodsinthisstandardhavesimilarorequivalentISOstandardsandarelistedintheScopeoftheindividualtestmethodsections.

2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:

D412TestMethodsforVulcanizedRubberandThermo-plasticRubbersandThermoplasticElastomers—Tension2D624TestMethodforTearStrengthofConventionalVulcanizedRubberandThermoplasticElastomers2D726TestMethodforResistanceofNonporousPapertoPassageofAir3D737TestMethodforAirPermeabilityofTextileFabrics4D3675TestMethodforSurfaceFlammabilityofFlexibleCellularMaterialsUsingaRadiantHeatEnergySource5E691PracticeforConductinganInterlaboratoryStudytoDeterminethePrecisionofaTestMethod6NOTE2—ThespeciﬁcdatededitionofPracticeE691thatprevailsinthisdocumentisreferencedinthePrecisionandBiassection.

3.Terminology

3.1DeﬁnitionsofTermsSpeciﬁctoThisStandard:

3.1.1bondedfoam—aproductproducedbytheadhesionofsmallpiecesofurethanefoamtoeachotherwithasuitablebondingagent.

3.1.2core—theinternalportionofamoldedpart,freeofskin.

3.1.3coredfoam—aﬂexiblecellularmaterialcontainingamultiplicityofholes(usually,butnotnecessarily,cylindricalinshape),moldedorcutintothematerialinsomepattern,normallyperpendiculartothefoamrisedirection,andextend-ingpartorallthewaythroughthepiece

3.1.4convolutedfoam—aﬂexiblecellularmaterialspe-ciallycutintosheetswith“eggcarton”-likedimples.Thedimplepeaksandbasescanhavevariedshapesanddimen-sions.

3.1.5ﬂexiblecellularproduct—acellularorganicpolymericmaterialthatwillnotrupturewhenaspecimen200by25by25mmisbentarounda25-mmdiametermandrelatauniformrateof1lapin5satatemperaturebetween18and29°C.

3.1.6moldedfoam—acellularproducthavingtheshapeoftheenclosedchamberinwhichitisproducedbyfoaming.3.1.7skin—thesmoothsurfacelayerofamoldedfoamproduct,formedbycontactwiththemoldorsurfaces.

3.1.8slab—asectionoffoamthatiscutfromtheinternalportionofalargebun.

3.1.9urethanefoam—aﬂexiblecellularproductproducedbytheinteractionofactivehydrogencompounds,water,andisocyanates.

4.SummaryofTestMethods

4.1Unlessspeciﬁcallystatedotherwisebetweenthesup-plierandthepurchaser,alltestsshallbemadeinaccordancewiththemethodsspeciﬁedinSections9-124whichincludetestproceduresforthefollowing:

Tests:TestATestB1TestB2TestCTestD

DensityTest

IndentationForceDeﬂectionTest—SpeciﬁedDeﬂection

IndentationForceDeﬂectionTest—SpeciﬁedForce

CompressionForceDeﬂectionTest

ConstantDeﬂectionCompressionSetTest

Sections9-1516-2223-2930-3637-44

ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD20.22onCellularMaterials-PlasticsandElastomers.

CurrenteditionapprovedNovember10,2001.PublishedJanuary2002.Origi-nallypublishedasD3574–77.LastpreviouseditionD3574–95.2AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol09.01.3AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol15.09.4AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol07.01.5AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol08.02.6AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol14.02.

1*ASummaryofChangessectionappearsattheendofthisstandard.

TestETensileTest

45-52TestFTearResistanceTest53-60TestGAirFlowTest

61-67TestHResilience(BallRebound)Test

68-75TestI1StaticForceLossTestatConstantDeﬂection77-85TestI2DynamicFatigueTestbytheRollerShearatConstantForce,

86-94TestI3DynamicFatigueTestbyConstantForcePounding

95-103TestI4DynamicFatigueTestforCarpetCushion104-112TestJSteamAutoclaveAging113-118TestKDryHeatAging119-124TestL

WetHeatAging

125-130

Appendixes:

X1.SuggestedMethodforSpecifyingFlexibleUrethaneFoams

X2.SuggestedMethodofConstructionforaRollerShearDynamicFlexFa-tigueApparatus

X3.DeﬁnitionsofTermsUsedtoDescribetheForce-DeﬂectionCurveof

FlexibleUrethaneFoam

X4.SuggestedTestsforDeterminingCombustibilityofFlexibleUrethane

Foam.(Thecombustiontestsaregivenforinformationalpurposesonlyandarenotpartofthestandard.)

X5.SuggestedMethodforVeriﬁcationofanInclinedOilManometer

5.SigniﬁcanceandUse

5.1Thetestproceduresprovideastandardmethodofobtainingdataforresearchanddevelopment,qualitycontrol,acceptanceandrejectionunderspeciﬁcations,andspecialpurposes.

5.2Thedataobtainedbythesetestmethodsareapplicabletothematerialunderconditionsoftheparticulartestandarenotnecessarilythesameasobtainedinotherenvironmentsinuse.

6.GeneralTestConditions

6.1Testsshallbeconductedunderknownconditionsoftemperatureandhumidityorasspeciﬁedintheindividualtestprocedure.Theproductshallbeconditionedundeﬂected,andundistortedatthetemperatureandhumidityoftestforatleast12hbeforebeingtested.Incasesofdispute,thetestsshallbemadeatatemperatureof2362°Candinanatmosphereof5065%relativehumidity.

6.2Itisrecommendedforrefereepurposesthatalltestsshallbeperformed7daysormoreafterthefoamhasbeenmanufactured.

7.Sampling

7.1Whenpossible,thecompletedmanufacturedproductshallbeusedforthetestspeciﬁed.Representativesamplesofthelotbeingexaminedshallbeselectedatrandomasrequired.7.2Whenitisnecessaryoradvisabletoobtainspecimensfromthearticles,asinthosecaseswheretheentiresampleisnotrequiredoradaptablefortesting,themethodofcuttingandtheexactpositionfromwhichspecimensaretobetakenshallbespeciﬁed.Thedensityandthestateofcuremayvaryindifferentpartsoftheﬁnishedproduct,especiallyifthearticleisofcomplicatedshapeorofvaryingthickness,andthesefactorsaffectthephysicalpropertiesofthespecimens.Also,thedensityisaffectedbythenumberofcutsurfacesonthespecimen.Ifatestspecimenisdiecut,sufficienttimeshouldbeallowedforcompleterecoveryofthethicknessacrossthefullwidthofthespecimen.

7.3Whentheﬁnishedmoldedproductdoesnotlenditselfto

testingortothetakingofspecimensbecauseofcomplicatedshape,smallsize,metalorfabricinserts,adhesiontometal,orotherreasons,moldedtestslabsasagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchasershallbeprepared.

7.4Whendifferencesintestresultsariseduetothedifficultyinobtainingsuitablespecimensfromtheﬁnishedparts,thesupplierandthepurchasermayagreeuponanacceptablelocationtotakethespecimen.

8.MeasurementofTestSpecimens

8.1Measurethelengthandwidthwithascaleortape.Takecarenottodistortthefoam.

8.2Measurethicknessuptoandincluding25mmusingadial-typegagewithaminimumfootareaof650mm2.Holdthepressureofthedialfootto170635Pa(Note3).Thicknessesover25mmmaybemeasuredwithadialgage,aslidingcalipergage,orasspeciﬁedin8.1.Whenaslidingcalipergageisemployed,makethegagesettingwiththegageoutofcontactwiththefoam.Passthespecimenthroughthepreviouslysetgage:thepropersettingshallbetheonewhenthemeasuringfacesofthegagecontactthesurfacesofthespecimenwithoutcompressingit.

NOTE3—Forsoftfoamshavingcompressionforcedeﬂectionvalueslessthan1.65kPa,thepressureonthedialfootshallnotexceed100Pa.

8.3Thescale,tape,orgageshallbegraduatedsoastopermitmeasurementswithin61%ofthedimensionstobemeasured.

8.4Unlessotherwisespeciﬁed,resultsshallbethemeanofthemeasurements.

TESTA—DENSITYTEST

9.Scope

9.1Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofthedensityofuncoredfoambycalculationfromthemassandvolumeofthespecimen.Thedensityvaluethusobtainedappliesonlytotheimmediateareafromwhichthespecimenhasbeentaken.Itdoesnotnecessarilyrelatetothebulkdensityoftheentiremoldedpad.

NOTE4—ISO845isasimilartest,buttherearetechnicaldifferences.

10.TestSpecimen

10.1CoreDensity—Arepresentativespecimenofregularshape,circularorsquarewithoutskinsordensiﬁcationlines,notlessthan1000mm3involume,shallbecutfromaportionfreeofvoidsanddefectsandasnearaspossibletothesectionfromwhichthetensionandtearspecimensweretaken.

10.2SectionDensity—Arepresentativespecimenwithskinsonthetopandbottomsurfacemeasuringatleast0.1m2inareabyfull-partthicknessshallbecutfromanareafreeofvoidsanddefectsandasnearaspossibletothelocationfromwhichthetensionandtearspecimensweretaken.Whenthesedimensionsarenotpossible,thelargestrepresentativeportionasagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchasershallbeused.

11.NumberofSpecimens

11.1Onespecimenshallbetested,unlessotherwiseagreeduponbythesupplierandthepurchaser.

12.Procedure

12.1Determinethemassofthespecimenwithin1%.

12.2Determinethedimensionsofthespecimeninaccor-dancewithSection8,andcalculatethevolume.

13.Calculation

13.1Calculatethedensityinkilogramspercubicmetreasfollows:

Density5M/V3106

(1)

where:

M=massofspecimen,g,andV=volumeofspecimen,mm3.

14.Report

14.1Reportthefollowinginformation:

14.1.1Densitytothenearest0.1kg/m3,and14.1.2Typeofspecimen,coreorsection.

15.PrecisionandBias

15.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.TESTB1—INDENTATIONFORCEDEFLECTION

TEST—SPECIFIEDDEFLECTION16.Scope

16.1ThiswillbeknownastheindentationforcedeﬂectiontestandtheresultsastheIFDvalues.Thistestconsistsofmeasuringtheforcenecessarytoproducedesignatedindenta-tionsinthefoamproduct,forexample,25and65%deﬂec-tions.(AppendixX3).

NOTE5—ISO2439isasimilartest,buttherearetechnicaldifferences.

17.Apparatus

17.1Anapparatushavingaﬂatcircularindentorfoot203mmindiameterconnectedbymeansofaswiveljointcapableofaccommodatingtheangleofthesampletoaforce-measuringdeviceandmountedinsuchamannerthattheproductorspecimencanbedeﬂectedataspeedof50to500mm/min.Theapparatusshallbearrangedtosupportthespecimenonalevelhorizontalplatewhichisperforatedwithapproximately6.5-mmholesonapproximately20-mmcenterstoallowforrapidescapeofairduringthetest.Specialsupportforcontouredmoldedpadsshallbeperforatedinthesamemannerastheﬂatplateunlessagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.Padslongerthanthebaseplateshallbesupportedfromdistortionatthe4.5-Ncontactforce.18.TestSpecimen

18.1Thetestspecimenshallconsistoftheentireproductsampleorasuitableportionofit,exceptthatinnocaseshallthespecimenhavedimensionslessthan380by380by100mm.Specimenslessordifferentthan100mminthicknessshallhavethethicknessnotedonthetestreport.

18.2TheIFDvaluesformoldedproductsaredependentonthespecimendimensions.Highervaluesaregenerallyobtainedforspecimensthatretainallmoldedsurfaces.

19.NumberofSpecimens

19.1Onespecimenshallbetested,unlessotherwiseagreed

uponbythesupplierandthepurchaser.

20.Procedure

20.1Placethetestspecimeninpositiononthesupportingplateoftheapparatus.Iftheproducthasonesidecoredorhoney-combed,thisfaceshallrestontheperforatedplate.Thespecimenpositionshallbesuchthatwheneverpracticabletheindentationwillbemadeatthecenterofallarticles,exceptwhereanotherlocationisagreeduponbythesupplierandthepurchaser.

20.2Preﬂextheareatobetestedbytwiceloweringtheindentorfoottoatotaldeﬂectionof75to80%ofthefull-partthicknessatarateof250625mm/min.Markthelocationofthetestareawithapenbycircumscribingtheindentorfootwhileundera4.5-Nforce.Allowthespecimentorest661minafterthepreﬂex.

20.3Bringtheindentorfootintocontactwiththespecimenanddeterminethethicknessafterapplyingacontactforceof4.5N(Note6)totheindentorfoot.Indentthespecimenat5065mm/min25%ofthisthicknessandobservetheforceinnewtonsafter6063s.Withoutremovingthespecimenincreasethedeﬂectionto65%deﬂection,allowingtheforcetodriftwhilemaintainingthe65%deﬂection,andagainobservetheforceinnewtonsafter6063s.

NOTE6—Forsuper-softfoam,foamwitha25%IFDlessthan40N,areductionofpressureontheindentorfootshallbeallowed.Sufficientcontactforcetomakeanaccurateinitialthicknessmeasurementisrequired.

21.Report

21.1Reporttheforceinnewtonsrequiredfor25and65%indentationorotherindentations(Note7).Theseﬁguresareknownasthe25%and65%IFDvalues,respectively.Reportalsolength,width,andthicknessofthespecimen,ifnon-standardandtheratio(comfortfactorAppendixX3)of65%to25%IFDvalues.

NOTE7—Indentationdeﬂectiontests,otherthan25and65%,aswellasa25%returnvalue(25%RT),maybespeciﬁedasagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.

22.PrecisionandBias

22.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.TESTB2—INDENTATIONRESIDUALGAGELOAD

TEST—SPECIFIEDFORCE23.Scope

23.1Cellularfoamproductshavebeentraditionallycheckedforindentationforcedeﬂectionbydeterminingtheforcerequiredtoeffecta25%deﬂection.Inseating,ontheotherhand,theinterestisindetermininghowthickthepaddingisundertheaverageperson.Twomeasurementsarecalledfortomeettherequirementsofthistestmethod.Theforcedeﬂectionisdeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthepadunderaﬁxedforceof4.5N,110N,and220N,ona323-cm2circularindentorfoot.

23.2ThisdeterminationshallbeknownastheIndentationResidualGageLoadandthemeasurementsastheIRGLvalues.

NOTE8—ISO2439isasimilartest,buttherearetechnicaldifferences.

24.Apparatus

24.1Anapparatushavingaﬂatcircularindentorfoot203mmindiameterconnectedwithaswiveljointforapplyingforcesof4.5N,110N,220Nand330Nshallbemountedoveralevelhorizontalplatformthatisperforatedwithapproxi-mately6.5-mmholesonapproximately20-mmcenterstoallowforrapidescapeofairduringthetest.Thedistancebetweentheindentorfootandtheplatformshallbevariabletoindentthespecimenataspeedof50to200mm/minforthicknessmeasurements.Theapparatusshallbeequippedwithadeviceformeasuringthedistancebetweenplates.

24.2Specialsupportforcontouredmoldedpadsshallbeperforatedandagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.Padslongerthanthebaseplateshallbesupportedfromdistortionatthe4.5-Ncontactforce.

25.TestConditions

25.1Whenpossiblethecompletedmanufacturedproductshallbeused.Inthecaseoftaperedcushions,thelocationoftheareaformeasurementistobeagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.Inthecaseaﬁnishedpartisnotfeasiblefortest,380by380-mmspecimensofanaveragethicknessaretobecutfromthecushion.

25.2TheIRGLvaluesformoldedproductsaredependentonthespecimendimensions.Differencevaluesaregenerallyobtainedforspecimensthatretainallmoldedsurfaces.26.NumberofSpecimens

26.1Onespecimenshallbetested,unlessotherwiseagreeduponbythesupplierandthepurchaser.

27.Procedure

27.1Testthewholetestspecimenoraminimumareaof380by380mm.Preﬂexthespecimentwicewitha330Nforceat200620mm/min.Allowtorest661min.Positionthespecimeninthetestapparatuswithanycoredorconvolutedsurfacesrestingagainsttheperforatedbottomplate.

27.2Bringtheindentorfootintocontactanddeterminethethicknessofthespecimenwiththe4.5-Nloadontheindentorfoot.

27.3Applythe110-Nforceat5065mm/minwiththeindentorfootandindentthespecimenuntiltheforceiscarriedbythespecimen.Determinethethicknessat110Naftermaintainingtheforcefor6063s.

27.4Withoutremovingthespecimenapplythe220-Nforceat5065mm/minwiththeindentorfootandfurtherindentthepaduntilthisloadiscarried.After6063sunderload,determinethethicknessofthepad.

28.Report

28.1Reportthespecimenthicknessafter6063sat4.5N,110N,and220N.TheseﬁguresareknownastheIRGLvalues,respectively.Reportalsothelength,width,andthicknessofthespecimen.

29.PrecisionandBias

29.1Roundrobintestingtodeterminetheprecisionofthismethodisbeingplannedandthedatawillbeavailableby2002.

TESTC—COMPRESSIONFORCEDEFLECTION

TEST30.Scope

30.1Thistestconsistsofmeasuringtheforcenecessarytoproducea50%compressionovertheentiretopareaofthefoamspecimen.

NOTE9—ISO3386isasimilartest,buttherearetechnicaldifferences.NOTE10—Compressiondeﬂectiontestsotherthanat50%maybespeciﬁedasagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.

31.Apparatus

31.1Anapparatushavingaﬂatcompressionfoot,largerthanthespecimentobetestedconnectedtoaforce-measuringdeviceandmountedinamannersuchthattheproductorspecimencanbedeﬂectedataspeedof50to500mm/min.Theapparatusshallbearrangedtosupportthespecimenonalevelhorizontalplatethatisperforatedwithapproximately6.5-mmholesonapproximately20-mmcenterstoallowforrapidescapeofairduringthetest.

32.TestSpecimens

32.1Theslabtestspecimenshallhaveparalleltopandbottomsurfacesandessentiallyverticalsides.Thethicknessshallbenogreaterthan75%oftheminimumtopdimension.Thestandardspecimenshallbe50mmby50mmby25mminthickness.

32.2Specimensfromuncoredslabstockshallbeamini-mumof2000mm2inareaandhaveaminimumthicknessof20mm.

32.3Thetestspecimenfrommoldedpartsshallhaveparalleltopandbottomsurfacesandperpendicularsides.Preferablythespecimenshouldincludebothtopandbottommoldedskins.Ifatestspecimenwithparalleltopandbottomsurfacesincludingbothmoldedskinscannotbeobtainedbecauseoftheshapeofthemoldedpart,atleastoneofthemoldedskinsurfacesshouldberetained.Bothsurfaceskinsshouldberemovedonlyincaseswheretheshapeoftheoriginalsamplemakesthisabsolutelynecessary.

32.4Maximummoldedspecimenthicknessshallbenogreaterthantheminimumtopdimensions.Specimensfrommoldedpartsshallbeaminimumof2000mm2inareaandhaveaminimumthicknessof20mm.

33.NumberofSpecimens

33.1Threespecimenspersampleshallbetested.Thevaluereportedshallbethemeanvalueofthoseobserved.

34.Procedure

34.1Preﬂexthespecimentwice,75to80%ofitsoriginalthicknessat250625mm/min.Thenallowthespecimentorestforaperiodof661min.

34.2Placethespecimencenteredinthelineoftheaxialloadonthesupportingplateoftheapparatus.Iftheproducthasonesidecoredorconvoluted,restthisfaceontheperforatedplates.34.3Bringthecompressionfootintocontactwiththespecimenanddeterminethethicknessafterapplyingacontactloadof140Patothespecimenarea(Note3).Compressthespecimen50%ofthisthicknessat5065mm/minand

determinetheﬁnalforceafter6063s.

35.Report

35.1Reportthethicknessaftercontactforce,andthe50%compressiondeﬂectionvalueinkilopascalsandthedimensionsofnon-standardspecimens.Indicateifthesamplewascoredorconvoluted.

36.PrecisionandBias

36.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.TESTD—CONSTANTDEFLECTIONCOMPRESSION

SETTEST37.Scope

37.1Thistestmethodconsistsofdeﬂectingthefoamspecimentoaspeciﬁeddeﬂection,exposingittospeciﬁedconditionsoftimeandtemperatureandmeasuringthechangeinthethicknessofthespecimenafteraspeciﬁedrecoveryperiod.

NOTE11—ISO1856isasimilartest,buttherearetechnicaldifferences.

38.Apparatus

38.1CompressionDevice,consistingoftwoormoreﬂatplatesarrangedsotheplatesareheldparalleltoeachotherbyboltsorclampsandthespacebetweentheplatesisadjustabletotherequireddeﬂectionthicknessbymeansofspacers.39.TestSpecimens

39.1Thetestspecimensshallhaveparalleltopandbottomsurfacesandessentiallyperpendicularsides.

39.2Specimensshallbe50by50by25mmunlessotherwisespeciﬁed.Specimenslessthan25mminthicknessshallbepliedup,withouttheuseofcement,toa25-mmthickness.

39.3Specimensfromcoredfoamsshallhaveaminimumtopsurfaceareaof100cm2.Thethicknessshallbenogreaterthan75%oftheminimumtopdimension.

39.4Specimensfromuncoredmoldedproducts25mmorlessinthicknessshallbe50by50mmbyfull-partthicknessandshallcontainthetopandbottomskin.

39.5Specimensgreaterthan50mminthicknessshallbecutto25mmthicknessfromthecore.(Note12)

NOTE12—Specimensfrommoldedproductsmaybetestedwithoneorbothskinsbyagreementbetweenthecustomerandthesupplier.

40.NumberofSpecimens

40.1Threespecimenspersampleshallbetested.Thevaluereportedshallbethemeanofthoseobserved.

41.Procedure

41.1Performtheentiretestprocedureunderthefollowingconditions:Conductallmeasurements,conditioning,andre-coveryofthespecimenat2362°Candinanatmosphereof5065%relativehumidity.Theovenconditionsshallbe7062°Cand6%maximumrelativehumidity.

NOTE13—Thisconditionofrelativehumiditymaybeachievedbyplacinganovenat7062°Cinanatmospheremaintainedat2362°Cand5065%relativehumidity.

41.2MeasuretheoriginalthicknessofthetestspecimeninaccordancewiththeproceduredescribedinSection8.

41.3Placethetestspecimenintheapparatusanddeﬂectittoeither5061,7561,or9061%ofitsthickness,oranyotherdeﬂectionagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.

41.4Within15min,placethedeﬂectedspecimenandtheapparatusinthemechanicallyconvectedairovenforaperiodof22h;thenremovetheapparatus.

41.5Removethespecimenimmediatelyfromtheapparatusandmeasuretheﬁnalthicknessinaccordancewiththeproce-duredescribedinSection8afterallowingittorecover30to40minatthetemperatureandhumidityconditionsspeciﬁedin41.1.

NOTE14—Recoveryperiodsgreaterthan30to40minmaybeagreeduponbythesupplierandthepurchaser.

42.Calculation

42.1Calculatethecompressionsetvaluebyoneofthefollowingformulas:

NOTE15—TheCtcalculationispreferredandshallbethecalculationusedwhenneitherCtandCdarespeciﬁed.

42.1.1Calculatetheconstantdeﬂectioncompressionset,expressedasapercentageoftheoriginalthickness,asfollows:

Ct5@~to2tf!/to#3100

(2)

where:

Ct=compressionsetexpressedasapercentageofthe

originalthickness,

to=originalthicknessoftestspecimen,andtf=ﬁnalthicknessoftestspecimen.

42.1.2Calculatetheconstantdeﬂectioncompressionset,expressedasapercentageoftheoriginaldeﬂection,asfollows:

Cd5@~to2tf!/~to2ts!#3100

(3)

where:

Cd=compressionsetexpressedasapercentoftheorigi-naldeﬂection,

t=originalthicknessoftesttospecimen,s=thicknessofspacerbarused,and

tf=ﬁnalthicknessoftestspecimen.NOTE16—ApproximateconversionofCttoCdcanbecalculatedbymultiplyingthe50%Ctby2,the75%Ctby1.33,andthe90%Ctby1.11.

43.Report

43.1ReportcompressionsetasCanynon-standardrecoverytorCperiodsd,anddeﬂectionused.Alsoreportorsamplesizesandwhetherthesamplewascored,uncoredand/ormolded.

44.PrecisionandBias

44.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.

TESTE—TENSILETEST

45.Scope

45.1Thistestmethoddeterminestheeffectoftheapplica-tionofatensileforcetofoam.Measurementsaremadefor

tensilestress,tensilestrength,andultimateelongation.

NOTE17—ISO1798isasimilartest,buttherearetechnicaldifferences.

46.Apparatus

46.1Specimens—ThespecimenfortensiletestsshallbestampedoutwithadieoftheshapeanddimensionsshowninFig.1,orDieAofTestMethodsD412.Thedieshallbesharpandfreeofnicksinordertopreventleavingraggededgesonthespecimen.TheD412DieisthepreferreddieandisidenticalindimensionstotheISO1798Die.

46.2BenchMarker—Themarkershallhavetwoparallelmarkingedges1to3mminthicknessandspaced20or25mmapartoncenters.

46.3Measurements—ThedimensionsofthetestspecimenshallbedeterminedwithasuitablegageinaccordancewithSection8.

46.4Machine—Tensiletestsshallbemadeonapower-drivenmachinecomplyingwiththefollowingrequirements:46.4.1Themachineshallbeequippedwithaloadcellorforcemeasuringdevicethatcanmeasurethemaximumappliedforce.Thetestspeedshallbe500650mm/min,andshallbeuniformatalltimes.

46.4.2Themachinemaybeequippedwithadevicegradu-atedto2.5mmformeasuringtheelongation.Theuseofnon-contactextensometersmaysimilarlybeusedfordetermin-ingelongation.Extensometersthatclipontothespecimengenerallyareunsuitableforﬂexiblefoam.Fortestingdumbbellspecimens,themachineshallhaveeitherscrew-typeﬂatplategripsoratypeofgripthattightensautomaticallyandexertsauniformpressureacrossthegrippingsurfaces,increasingasthetensionincreasestopreventslipping.

47.TestSpecimens

47.1Thetestspecimensshallbecutfromﬂatsheetmaterial12.561.5mmthick.Thefoamriseshallbeinthethicknessdirection,unlessotherwiseagreeduponbycustomerandsupplier.Thetopandbottomsurfacesshallbeparallelandfreeofskin.Thecutedgesshallbeperpendiculartothetopsurfaceandbefreeofraggededges.Thelengthofthetabsmaybeadjustedtoﬁtmachineconditionsprovidedthatallotherrequirementsremainconstant.

48.NumberofSpecimens

48.1Threespecimenspersampleshallbetested.Thevaluereportedshallbethemeanvalueofthoseobserved.

49.Procedure

49.1Setthegripseparationataminimumof62.5mmfor

FIG.1DieforStampingTensionSpecimens

theD3574Dieandataminimumof75mmfortheD412DieA.Placethedumbbelltabsinthegripsofthetestingmachine,usingcaretoadjustthemsymmetrically,inorderthatthetensionwillbedistributeduniformlyoverthecrosssection.Thetestshallberunataspeedof500650mm/min,unlessotherwisespeciﬁedbyagreementbetweencustomerandsup-plier.Startthemachineandnotecontinuouslythedistancebetweenthetwobenchmarks.Recordthestressatthecorrespondingelongationorifanautomaticrecordingdeviceisused,itwillrecordthedatacontinuously.Atrupture,measureorrecordelongationtothenearest10%.

50.Calculation

50.1Calculatethetensilestrengthbydividingthemaximumbreakingforcebytheoriginalcross-sectionalareaofthespecimen.

50.2Calculatethestressbydividingtheforceataprede-terminedelongationbytheoriginalcross-sectionalareaofthespecimen.

50.3Calculatetheultimateelongation,A,bysubtractingtheoriginaldistancebetweenthebenchmarksfromthetotaldistancebetweenthebenchmarksatthetimeofruptureandexpressingthedifferenceasapercentageoftheoriginaldistance,asfollows,orusethegripseparationsinasimilarcalculation.

A,%5@~df2do!/do#3100

(4)

where:

do=originaldistancebetweenbenchmarks,and

df=distancebetweenbenchmarksatthebreakpoint.50.4Thevaluereportedshallbethemeanvalueofallspecimenstested.

51.Report

51.1Reportthefollowinginformation:51.1.1Tensilestrengthinkilopascals,

51.1.2Stressinkilopascalsatapredeterminedelongation,and

51.1.3Ultimateelongation,inpercent,andwhetherbenchmarks,gripseparationorextensometerswereusedtomeasureelongation.

51.1.4Crossheadspeed,ifotherthan500mm/min.52.PrecisionandBias

52.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.

TESTF—TEARRESISTANCETEST

53.Scope

53.1Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofthetearpropagationresistanceoffoam.Theblockmethod,asde-scribed,measuresthetearresistanceundertheconditionsofthisparticulartest.

NOTE18—ISO8067isasimilartest,buttherearetechnicaldifferences.

54.Apparatus

54.1Tearresistanceshallbemeasuredonapower-drivenapparatuswhichwillindicatetheforceatwhichruptureofthespecimentakesplace.Anautomaticmachinemaybeused

whichdrawstheactualcurve,or,astyleorscaleshallbeusedhavinganindicatorthatremainsatthepointofmaximumforceafterrupture.

55.TestSpecimens

55.1Thetestspecimensshallbeablockshapefreeofskin,voids,anddensiﬁcationlines,asshowninFig.2.Theymaybecutonasawordiecutfromsheetmaterialsothatthesidesareparallelandperpendiculartoeachother.Anominal40-mmcutshallbeplacedinonesideasshowninFig.2.DimensionA-Bcanbereducedtothepadthickness.ThethicknessshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection8.

56.NumberofSpecimens

56.1Threespecimenspersampleshallbetested.Thevaluesreportedshallbethemeanofthosetested.

57.Procedure

57.1Clampthetestspecimeninthejawsofthetestingmachine,takingcarethatthejawsgripthespecimenproperly.Spreadtheblocksothateachtabisheldinthejawtopullacrossthespecimen.Thetestshallberunataspeedof500650mm/min,unlessotherwisespeciﬁedbyagreementbetweencustomerandsupplier.Aidthecutinthespecimenwitharazorbladeorknife,soastokeepitinthecenteroftheblock(Note19).Aftertheruptureofthespecimen,orafteratleasta50-mmlengthistorn,recordthemaximumforceinNewtonsandnotealsothethicknessofthespecimen(directionA-B).

NOTE19—ForfoamsthatwillnottearbythismethodsidebysidetearstrengthcomparisonscanbemadebytestinginaccordancewithTestMethodD624.ItshouldbenotedthattheD624testisatearinitiatingmeasurementasopposedtoatearpropagatingmeasurementinthisblockteartest.

58.Calculation

58.1Calculatethetearstrengthfromthemaximumforceregisteredonthetestingmachineandtheaveragethicknessofthespecimen(directionA-B),asfollows:

Tearstrength,N/m5F/T3103

(5)

where:

F=force,N,andT=thickness,mm.

59.Report

59.1Reportthefollowinginformation:59.1.1Tearstrengthinnewtonspermetre,59.1.2Orientationofspecimen,and

59.1.3Crossheadspeed,ifotherthan500mm/min.

FIG.2TearResistanceTestSpecimens

60.PrecisionandBias

60.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.

TESTG—AIRFLOWTEST

61.Scope

61.1Theairﬂowtestmeasurestheeasewithwhichairpassesthroughacellularstructure.Airﬂowvaluesmaybeusedasanindirectmeasurementofcertaincellstructurecharacter-istics.Thetestconsistsofplacingaﬂexiblefoamcorespecimeninacavityoverachamberandcreatingaspeciﬁedconstantair-pressuredifferential.TherateofﬂowofairrequiredtomaintainthispressuredifferentialistheairﬂowvalueThistestisnormallyforslabfoamproductsorforthecorematerialsofmoldedproducts.Measurementsofairﬂowthroughmoldedskinsorextremelyhighairﬂowproductsmayrequirealternativemethods(Note21).

NOTE20—ISO7231isanidenticaltest.

NOTE21—FormeasuringairﬂowofproductsbeyondtherangeofthismethodsomesuccesshasbeenachievedusingtheequipmentspeciﬁedinTestMethodD737.Somemodiﬁcationoftheequipmentmaybenecessary.7ForsurfaceporosityofmoldedfoamsseeTestMethodD726.

62.Terminology

62.1DeﬁnitionsofTermsSpeciﬁctoThisStandard:

62.1.1airﬂowvalue—thevolumeofairpersecondatstandardtemperatureandatmosphericpressurerequiredtomaintainaconstantpressuredifferentialof125Paacrossaﬂexiblefoamspecimenapproximately50by50by25mm.62.1.2airﬂowparalleltofoamrise—theairﬂowvalueobtainedwhentheairentersandleavesthemountedspecimenparalleltofoamrise.

62.1.3airﬂowperpendiculartofoamrise—theairﬂowvalueobtainedwhentheairentersandleavesthespecimenperpendiculartofoamrise.

63.Apparatus

63.1Aschematicdrawingoftheapparatusincludingthespecimenmountingchamber,manometer,airﬂowmeters,blowmeters,blower,andvoltagecontrolisshowninFig.3.863.2Chamber,consistingofapotapproximately130mmindiameterand150mmhighwithprovisionformountingthefoamspecimenandﬁttingsforthemanometerandairexhaust.Thespecimenmountcavityshallbe50.060.5by50.060.5by25.060.5mminsize.Fourfoamsupportvanesapproxi-mately1mmthickand12.5mmhighshallbeplacedundertheopeningtopreventthefoamfrombeingpulledintothevacuumchamber.Thevanesshallbespaced12.5mmoncenterfromeachotherandalsocenteredrelativetothebottomofthecavityopening.Themanometerﬁttingshallentera1-mmholemidwayalongthesideofthechamber.A25-mmpipeﬁttingshallbeusedastheexhaustoutletfromthecenterofthebottomofthechamber.

7Gummaraju,R.V.,Pask,R.F.,Koller,H.J.,Wujcik,S.E.,andReimann,K.A.,“Evaluation,ModiﬁcationandAdaptationofanAirﬂowTestMethodforPolyure-thaneFoams,”JournalofCellularPlastics,May/June2001.8AnelectronicinstrumentthathasproventobeeffectiveformeasuringairﬂowisavailablefromONIXProcessAnalysis,Inc.,1201N.Velasco,Angleton,TX77515.

FIG.3AirFlowApparatusSchematicDiagram

63.3Manometer,calibratedfrom0to250Paandhavinganaccuracyof62%,isrequired.Aninclinedoilmanometerwithgraduationsof2Paisrecommended.Alevelmountedonthemanometershallbeusedtoensurethattheproperdegreeofinclinationfromthehorizontalismaintained.Trapsshallbeprovidedtopreventindicatingﬂuidfrombeingaccidentallydrawnintothechamber.AppendixX5.describesasuggestedmethodfortheveriﬁcationoftheinclinedoilmanometer,themanometercanalternativelybereplacedwitha0-250Pamagnehelicgagewithgraduationsin5Pa.

63.4FlowmetersandBlower—Low-pressure-dropairﬂow-metersaccurateto62%shallbeusedforair-ﬂowmeasure-ments.Agivenﬂowmetershouldnotbeusedforvalueslessthan10%offullscale.Airﬂowmeterswithatleast250-mmscalesarerecommended.Sincetheﬂowmetercalibrationistemperature-andpressure-dependent,theuseoftheapparatusunderambientconditionscanresultinerroneousreadings.Incasesofdispute,theapparatusshouldbeusedunderstandardconditionsof23°Cand100kPa(1atmpressure)orelseasuitablecalibrationcorrectionapplied.Flowmetersthatrangefrom0to0.01m3/swillcoverawiderangeoffoamcellstructuresbutalesserrangemaybeused.Actualﬂowisadjustedbyacombinationofvalverestrictionandblowerspeed.Thetwo-wayvalvesshallbemountedontheoutputsideoftheﬂowmetertomaintainthepressuredropacrosstheﬂowmeterconstantatanygivenﬂowlevel.Avacuumcleanertypeunitshallbeusedforanexhaustblower.

63.5LeakTest—Tochecktheapparatusforleaks,the

specimenmountcavityshallbesealedwithmaskingtape.Withallvalvesclosed,turnontheexhaustblowertoapproximately1⁄3powerandobserveanymovementofthemanometer.Themanometerreading,ifany,shouldnotexceed1Paaftera30-swaitingperiod.Next,openthevalveveryslightlyforthelowestrangeﬂowmeterreading.Theﬂowshouldbeessentiallyzeroasevidencedbylessthan3-mmmovementoftheairﬂowmeterﬂoatfromitsstaticposition.Fortheequipmenttoperformsatisfactorilyoveritsentirerangetherequirementsforbothpartsoftheleaktestmustbemet.

64.TestSpecimens

64.1Thetestspecimensshallbeparallel-pipedcuttoﬁtthemountcavityoftheapparatus.Acavity50by50mmrequiresaspecimen51.060.3by51.060.3by25.060.5mminsize.Abandsawwithamovabletableandadouble-bevelknife-edgebladeisrecommendedforcuttingthespecimens.

64.2Threespecimenspersampleforeachlocationandorientationtobetestedshallbecut.Thevaluesreportedshallbethemeanofthoseobservedforeachlocationandorienta-tion.

65.Procedure

65.1Measureeachspecimeninaccordancewiththeproce-duredescribedinSection8toverifythespecimensize.

65.2Insertthespecimenintothetestcavity.Makesurethatagoodairsealisobtainedalongalledges.Thetopofthespecimenshouldbeﬂushwiththetopofthetestchamber.

65.3Withallvalvesclosed,adjustthevoltagecontroloftheapparatusto30%.

65.4Openoneﬂow-controlvalveslowlyuntilapressuredifferentialto100to150Paisobtained.Adjustthevoltagecontrolcarefullytoobtainapressuredifferentialof12561Pa.65.5Afterthispressuredifferentialhasbeenmaintainedforatleast10s,readthescaleoftheﬂowmeter.

65.6Ifthisreadingisoff-scaleorlessthan10%offullscale,closethatﬂow-controlvalveandopenamoreappropri-ateone.Repeatthisprocessuntilthepropermanometerreadingandairﬂowisachieved.

65.7Theairﬂowvaluemaybeobtainedfromtheﬂowmeterscaledirectly,estimatedfromacalibrationchart,orcalculatedwithafactordependingonthecalibrationsystem.

66.Report

66.1Reportthefollowinginformation:

66.1.1Locationandorientationofeachspecimenwithrespecttofoamriseinthesectionoffoamthatwassampled,66.1.2Meanairﬂowvalueincubicmetresperminforeachlocationandorientation,

66.1.3Dimensionsofthespecimen,and

66.1.4Dimensionofthemountcavityoftheapparatus.67.PrecisionandBias

67.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.TESTH—RESILIENCE(BALLREBOUND)TEST68.Scope

68.1Thistestconsistsofdroppingasteelballonafoamspecimenandnotingtheheightofrebound.

NOTE22—ISO8307isanidenticaltest.

69.Apparatus

69.1Theballreboundtestershallconsistofa4064-mminsidediameterverticalclearplastictube,suchasacrylic,intowhicha16.0360.2-mmdiametersteelballisreleasedbyamagnetorotherdevice.Thesteelballmustbereleasedsothatitfallswithoutrotation.Centeringoftheballisassuredbyarecessatthebaseofthemagnet.Theheightofdropshallbe500mm.Sinceitismostconvenienttonotethepositionofthetopoftheballonrebound,thetopoftheballshallbe516mmabovethesurfaceofthefoam.Thus,“zero”reboundshallbe16.360.2mm(diameterofball)abovethespecimensurface.Thescaleonthetubeshallbescribeddirectlyinpercentasfollows.Every5%acompletecircleshallbescribedandevery1%a120°arcshallbescribed.Thecompletecirclesareanessentialpartoftheapparatus,sincetheyareusedtoeliminateparallaxerror.

70.TestSpecimens

70.1Thetestspecimensshallhaveparalleltopandbottomsurfaces.

70.2Thetestspecimensshallconsistoftheentireproductsampleorasuitableportionofit,exceptthatinnocaseshallthethicknessbelessthan30mm.Thestandardspecimensizeshallbe100mmby100mmby50mm.Formoldedproductsthetopskinshallberemoved.

71.NumberofSpecimens

71.1Threespecimenspersampleshallbetested.Thethreespecimensmaybeobtainedbyusingseparateitemsordifferentlocationsonagivenitem.

72.Procedure

72.1Centerthespecimenatthebaseofthetubeandadjusttheheightofthetubesothatzeroreboundis16mmabovethesurfaceofthefoamspecimen.

72.2Mountthesteelballonthereleasemechanism;thendropitandnotethemaximumreboundheight.Iftheballstrikesthetubeonthedroporrebound,thevalueobtainedisinvalid.Thisconditionisusuallyduetothetubenotbeingverticalorirregularitiesonthespecimensurface.Inordertominimizeparallaxerror,thecirclesonthetubeintheregionwherethepercentreboundisreadmustappearaslines.

72.3Makeanadditionaltwodropsonthesamespecimeninthesamelocationunlessagreeduponbycustomerandsupplier.73.Calculation

73.1Calculatethemeanofthethreereboundvalues.74.Report

74.1Reportthemeanofthethreespecimenmediansastheballreboundresiliencevalueofthesampleinpercent.

74.2Reportifmeasurementsweremadeatdifferentspeci-menlocationsorondifferentspecimens.

75.PrecisionandBias

75.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.

TESTI—FATIGUETESTS

76.Scope

76.1Thefatiguetestsconsistoffourmethods:

76.1.1StaticForceLossTestatConstantDeﬂection,

76.1.2DynamicFatiguebyRollerShearatConstantForce,76.1.3DynamicFatigueTestbyConstantForcePounding,and

76.1.4DynamicFatigueTestforCarpetCushion.

TESTI1—STATICFORCELOSSTESTAT

CONSTANTDEFLECTION77.Scope

77.1Thepurposeofthisstaticforcelosstestistodeter-mine:(1)alossofIFD,(2)alossofthickness,and(3)structuralbreakdownbyvisualexamination.

77.2Thisprocedureteststhespecimenata75%constantdeﬂection.

NOTE23—NosimilarISOstandardexists.

78.Apparatus

78.1Theapparatusshallconsistoftwoparallelplates(woodormetal)whichcanproduceauniform,constantdeﬂectionofthespecimen.Theplatesshallbe500by500mmsquare,andspacerbarsorotherappropriatemeansshallbeemployedtomaintainaconstant75%deﬂectionthroughoutthetest.

79.TestSpecimen

79.1Thetestspecimenshallbe380by380mmbythedesiredthickness.Onespecimenshallbetested.

80.InitialMeasurements

80.1Measurethe25and65%IFDofthetestspecimeninaccordancewithSections16to22.Measuretheoriginalthicknesswith4.5-Ncontactforceafterpreﬂexing.

81.Procedure

81.1Placethespecimenbetweentheplateswiththespacerbarstoprovidea75%deﬂection.Clamptheplatesandholdat75%deﬂectionfor22hat2362°Cand5065%relativehumidity.

82.FinalMeasurements

82.1MeasuretheﬁnalIFDvalues6065minafterthefatiguetestiscompletedinaccordancewith80.1usingtheoriginalthicknesstodeterminethedeﬂectionfortheﬁnalIFDvalues.

82.2Ifthelossinthicknessisabove10%,theIFDlossesshallnotbemeasuredandonlythethicknesslossshallbereported.

82.3Forameasurementofmorepermanentfatigue,repeat82.1,exceptallow2461hofrecoverytimeratherthan60min.

83.CalculationandInspection

83.1Checkthespecimenforphysicalbreakdownofthecellularstructurebyvisualexaminationandcomparisonwithunﬂexedspecimens.

83.2Calculatethepercentagelossofthicknessasfollows:

Fto2tf!

~~to!3100(6)

where:

Ft=lossinthickness,%,

to=originalspecimenthickness,andtf=ﬁnalspecimenthickness.

83.3CalculatethepercentagelossofIFD,asfollows:

FLo2Lf!

~~Lo!3100

(7)

where:

FL=lossofindentationforcedeﬂection,%,

Lo=originalindentationforcedeﬂectionvalue,andLf=ﬁnalindentationforcedeﬂectionvalue.

84.Report

84.1Reportthefollowinginformation:

84.1.1Percentagelossofthicknessandthepercentagelossof25and65%IFDifthethicknesslossislessthan10%,and84.1.2Resultsofvisualexamination.

84.1.3Recoverytimewhether60minor24h.

85.PrecisionandBias

85.1Roundrobintestingtodeterminetheprecisionofthismethodisbeingplannedandthedatawillbeavailableby2002.

TESTI2—DYNAMICFATIGUETESTBYTHE

ROLLER

SHEARATCONSTANTFORCE86.Scope

86.1Thisprocedurefatiguesthespecimendynamicallyataconstantforce,deﬂectingthematerialbothverticallyandlaterally.

86.2ThefatiguetestmaybeconductedbyeitherProcedureAorProcedureB.Bothtestproceduresarethesameanddifferonlyinthenumberofcyclesused.ProcedureAshalluse8000cycles(approximately5h)andProcedureBshalluse20000cycles(approximately12h).

NOTE24—NosimilarISOstandardexists.

NOTE25—Themassoftherollerandthenumberofcyclesmaybechangedasagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.

87.Apparatus(AppendixX2)

87.1Perforated-BasePlaten,approximately500by500by10mmwithaﬁnishedground-topsurfaceandwithperforationofapproximately6.5-mmcenterscoveringthecenter360by360-mmportion.

87.2Roller,450-mmminimumlengthand76.061.3mm-diametermadefromstainlesssteelorchrome-platedmetalhavingaminimumsurfaceﬁnishof1µm.Therollershallbemountedinanoffsetposition(1563°)withsuitablemeansofadjustmentforaspeciﬁedloadingofthetestspecimen.Theforceimpartedbytherollerassemblyshallnotexceed110N.87.3Thetestisconductedatafrequencyof0.5060.05Hz.Acycleisacompleteforwardandreversestroke.Thelengthofthestrokeshallbe300610mm.

87.4Anysuitablemethodforholdingthetestspecimensecurelyontherollerbaseplatenisacceptableaslongasthetestspecimenremainsstationaryduringtherollingﬂexcycles.Anacceptablemethodforretainingthespecimenonthebaseplatenisdescribedasfollows:Fourpiecesofcottonsheetingorpapermaskingtape50to75mmwideatleast50mmlongerthaneachsideofthetestspecimenshallberequired.Bondthecottonstrips(withasolventorwater-emulsion-typeofadhe-sive)orthemaskingtapealongtheedgesofthebasesurfaceofthetestspecimen.Allow25to50mmofeachstriptoextendbeyondtheedgesofthetestspecimensothatthetestspecimencanbesecurelyclampedtothebaseplatenthroughtheuseofsuitablemetalretainerstraps.

88.TestSpecimen

88.1Aspecimen380mmlongby300mmwideby50mmthickisused.Thethicknessofspecimenstestedshouldbeatleast25mmandnogreaterthan125mm.Normallyfull-partthicknessisusedwherethetopandbottomsurfacesareessentiallyparallelandfallwithinthethicknesslimits.Wherepartthicknessexceeds125mmorthebottomsurfaceiscontouredsothatthesurfacesarenotessentiallyparallel,thebottomsurfaceshallbeslicedtoprovideaﬂatsurfaceessentiallyparalleltothetopsurfaces(seeSection7).

88.2Thelengthandwidthdimensionsshallbeheldto66.5mmandshallbesawcutordiecut;ifdiecut,sufficienttime

mustbeallowedforcompleteedgerecovery(usually2hminimum).

88.3Onespecimenshallbetested,unlessotherwiseagreeduponbythesupplierandthepurchaser.

89.InitialMeasurements

89.1Bondthemaskingtapeorsuitablehold-downclothtothebottomedgesofthespecimensothespecimencanbesecuredtotheperforatedbaseplatenofthefatiguetester.89.2ConditionthespecimenasinSection6.Thetestshouldalsoberununderthesameconditions.

89.3DeterminetheIRGLinaccordancewithSections23-29exceptpreﬂexthetestspecimensixtimes.

90.Procedure

90.1Adjusttherollertoobtainaconstantforceof13062Nonthefoamspecimen(Note25).Thiscriticalmeasurementmaybemadebyfashioningalightweightfabricslingaroundtherolleratitscenterandmeasuringtheforcedownwardwhileholdingtheweighingscaleverticallyovertherollerandmaintainingtherolleraxisinahorizontalplanewiththepivotaxis.

90.2Settheverticaladjustmentoftherollerorthemountingbasebyplacingthespecimeninpositionandloweringtherollersoitissupportedbythespecimen.Observethepivotaxisandrolleraxisrelationshipandadjusttheverticalheightsothattheaxeslieinanessentiallyhorizontalplaneatthestartofthetest.

90.3Mountthetestspecimenonthebaseplatenwiththelongdimensionparalleltothestrokeofthedynamicfatiguemachineandsecurebymeansofthetapeandmetal-retainerstrips.Whenmountingcoredpieces,coringistobeagainsttheplaten.Setthecountertozero,startthemachine,andfatiguetestthesampleforeither8000cycles(ProcedureA)or20000cycles(ProcedureB)oranothernumberofcyclesspeciﬁedbythecustomer.

91.FinalMeasurements

91.1Within6065minafterthefatiguetestiscompleted,measuretheﬁnalIRGLinaccordancewith89.3.

91.2Forameasurementofmorepermanentfatiguerepeat91.1,exceptallow2461hofrecoveryratherthan60min.92.CalculationandInspection

92.1Checkthespecimenforphysicalbreakdownofcellularstructurebyvisualexaminationandcomparisonwithunﬂexedsimilarspecimens.

92.2Calculateandreportthepercentlossinthicknessasfollows:

Thicknessloss,%5

@100~A2B!#

~A!(8)

where:

A=originalthicknessundercompressionforcesof4.5N,

110N,and220N,and

B=ﬁnalthicknessunderthesameindentationforces.92.3Ifrequestedbythecustomer,calculatethetotallossnumberasfollows:

Totallossnumber5sumof%lossesateachload

(9)

SampleCalculation:Percentthicknesslossat4.5N=2.0Percentthicknesslossat110N=18.0Percentthicknesslossat220N=27.0Totallossnumber47.0

93.Report

93.1Reportthefollowinginformation:

93.1.1PercentagelossofthicknessandIRGLvalues.93.1.2Thenumberofcycles.

93.1.3Totallossnumber,ifrequested.93.1.4Resultsofvisualexamination.

93.1.5Recoverytimewhether60minor24h.

94.PrecisionandBias

94.1Roundrobintestingtodeterminetheprecisionofthismethodisbeingplannedandthedatawillbeavailableby2002.TESTI3—DYNAMICFATIGUETESTBYCONSTANT

FORCEPOUNDING95.Scope

95.1Thepurposeofthefatiguetestistodetermine:(1)thelossofforcesupportat40%IFD(indentationforcedeﬂec-tion),(2)alossinthickness,and(3)structuralbreakdownasassessedbyvisualinspection.Deﬂectionsotherthan40%maybeusedasagreeduponbetweensupplierandpurchaser.

95.2Thisproceduredescribesteststhatevaluatethespeci-menbyrepeatedlydeﬂectingthematerialbyaﬂat-horizontalindentionexertingaverticalforceof750620Nonthetestspecimen.

95.3ThisfatiguetestmaybeconductedbyeitherProcedureAorProcedureB.Thetestproceduresdifferonlyinthenumberofcyclesused.ProcedureAshalluse8000cycles(approxi-mately2h)andProcedureBshalluse80000cycles(approxi-mately19h).

NOTE26—TheequipmentinthisstandardisidenticaltoISO3385,buttherearetechnicaldifferencesinthetwomethods.

96.Apparatus

96.1PerforatedBasePlaten,approximately500by300by10mm,withﬁnishedground-topsurfaceandwithperforationofapproximately6.5-mmdiameterholeson20-mmcenters,overaminimumcentralareaof350by350mm.

96.2Aﬂatcircularindentorthatexertsaforceof750620Nonthetestspecimenatmaximumindentation.Theindentorshallhaveanoveralldiameterof25061mmwitha2561-mmradiusattheloweredge,topreventcuttinghardfoam.96.3Bymeansofacrankorothersuitablemechanism,themachineshallbecapableofoscillatingeithertheplatencarryingthetestspecimenortheindentorsupportmountingtowardseachotherinaverticaldirectionatafrequencyof7065cyclesperminute.

96.4Theindentorshallbefreetobeliftedinitsmountingtopreventoverloadingofthetestspecimen.99DetaileddrawingsareavailablefromASTMHeadquarters.RequestAdjunctNo.12-435740-20.

97.TestSpecimen

97.1Thetestspecimenshallbe380by380by50mm.Onespecimenshallbetested,unlessotherwiseagreeduponbythesupplierandthepurchaser.

98.InitialMeasurement

98.1Thespecimenshallbeconditionedforatleast12handalsofatiguedat2362°Cand5065%relativehumidity.98.2Measurethe40%IFDofthetestspecimeninaccor-dancewithSections16-22.Measuretheoriginalthicknesswith4.5-Ncontactforceafterpreﬂexing.

99.Procedure

99.1Mountthespecimenonthebaseplaten.Setthecountertozero,startthemachine,andfatiguethetestspecimenforeither8000cycles(ProcedureA)or80000cycles(ProcedureB).

100.FinalMeasurement

100.1Within6065minafterthefatiguetestiscompleted,repeat98.2usingtheoriginalthicknesstodeterminethedeﬂectionfortheﬁnalforcereading.

100.2Forameasurementofmorepermanentfatiguerepeat100.1,exceptallow2461hofrecoveryratherthan60min.100.3Ifthelossinthicknessisabove10%,IFDlossshallnotbemeasuredandonlythethicknesslossshouldbereported.101.CalculationandInspection

101.1Checkthespecimenforphysicalbreakdownofthecellularstructurebyvisualexaminationandcomparisonwithunﬂexedspecimens.

101.2Calculatethepercentlossofthicknessasfollows:

Fto2tf!

~~to!3100(10)

where:

Ft=lossinthickness,%,

to=originalspecimenthickness,andtf=ﬁnalspecimenthickness.

101.3Calculatethepercentlossofforcedeﬂection,asfollows:

F~Fo2Ff!L5F~Lo!3100

(11)

where:

FL=lossof40%indentationforcedeﬂection,%,

Fo=original40%indentationforcedeﬂectionvalue,andFf=ﬁnalindentationforcedeﬂectionvalue.

102.Report

102.1Reportthefollowinginformation:

102.1.1Percentchangeinthicknessandthepercentchangein40%IFDifthethicknesschangeislessthan10%,and102.1.2Resultsofvisualexamination.

102.1.3Recoverytimewhether60minor24h.103.PrecisionandBias

103.1SeeSection131forPrecisionandBiasstatements.

TESTI4—DYNAMICFATIGUETESTFORCARPET

CUSHION104.Scope

104.1Thepurposeofthistestistodetermine:(1)retentionofloadbearing(65%IFD),(2)alossinthickness,and(3)structuralbreakdownasaddressedbyvisualinspection.

104.2Thisproceduredescribesteststhatevaluatethespeci-menbyrepeatedlydeﬂectingthecarpetcushionbya152mmdiameterand152mmwiderubbercoveredrollerexertingaforceof26665Nonthetestspecimens.

104.3ThisfatiguetestmaybeconductedbyeitherProce-dureAorProcedureB.Thetestproceduresdifferonlyinthenumberofcyclesused.ProcedureAshalluse8000cycles(approximately5h)andProcedureBshalluse40000cycles(approximately12h).

NOTE27—NosimilarISOstandardexists.

105.Apparatus(AppendixX2)

105.1TheapparatusisidenticaltothatdescribedinSection87withthefollowingchanges.Therollerdescribedin104.2replacesthelongerrollerandisattachedperpendicularly.Thebaseplatenisreplacedorcoveredwitha19mmthickplywoodformountingthesample.Thesampleissecuredwithﬂoortacksorstaples.Thecarpetislikewiseattachedwithﬂoortacksorstaples.(SeeFig.4fortestapparatus.)

106.TestSpecimens

106.1Thespecimenis380mmlongand230mmwideand13mmthick,unlessotherwiseagreeduponbysupplierandpurchaser.

107.InitialMeasurements

107.1ConditionthespecimensasinSection6.Thetestshouldberununderthesameconditions,ifpossible.Preﬂexthespecimenssixtimes75%ofthenominalthickness.Aftera661minrest,measuretheoriginalthickness,tanddeterminetheoriginal65%o,accordingtoSection8IFD,F16-22usinga102mmdiametero,inaccordancewithSectionsﬂatcircularindentorfoot.

108.Procedure

108.1Securethesampletotheplywoodbaseusingstaplesortape,makingsurethattherollerwillnotrolloverthestapledareas.Setthecounterforzero,startthemachine,andfatiguethesamplefor40000cycles.

109.FinalMeasurements

109.1Within6065minafterthefatiguetestiscompletedmeasuretheﬁnalthickness,tFf,accordingtoSection8andtheﬁnal65%IFD,todeterminef,inaccordancewith107.1usingtheoriginalthickness,to,the65%IFDdeﬂection.

109.2Forameasurementofmorepermanentfatiguerepeat109.1,exceptallow2461hofrecoveryratherthan60min.110.CalculationandInspection

110.1Checkthespecimenforphysicalbreakdownbyvisualexamination.

FIG.4Three-stationCarpetCushionFatigueTester

110.2Calculateandreportthepercentagelossinthicknessasfollows:

Fl5

~to2tf!

3100~to!113.1.1ProcedureJ1,3hat10563°C.113.1.2ProcedureJ2,5hat12065°C.

NOTE28—ISO2440isasimilarstandard,buttherearesometechnicaldifferences.

(12)

where:

Fl=lossinthickness,%,

to=originalspecimenthickness,andtf=ﬁnalspecimenthickness.

110.3CalculatethepercentageIFDretentionasfollows:

~Fo2Ff3100!

R51002

~Fo!114.Apparatus

114.1SteamAutoclave,orsimilarvessel,thatisthermostati-callycontrolledto62°Candcapableofwithstandinggagepressuresofupto140kPa.

115.Procedure

115.1Filltheautoclavewithfresh-distilledwatertoalevel50mmabovethebottomoftheautoclave.Setthethermostatcontrolatthedesiredproceduresoftest,whichisbetween10563°Cor12065°C.Allowtheautoclavetoheatuntilthewaterboils.Placethespecimenonedgeonarackintheinsidecontainersothatonespecimendoesnottouchanotheroranymetalexceptatthesupportingsurface.Placethecontainerinsidetheautoclaveandcloseandtightenthetop.Leavethesafetyvalveopenuntilalltheairisoutoftheautoclave.Thisisapparentwhensteambeginsblowingoutoftheportsonthesafetyvalve.Closethevalve2minaftertheappearanceofsteam,andtakethezerotimeoftheheatatthispoint.

115.2Aftertheexposedperiod,turnofftheheat,releasethesteampressure,andremovethespecimenswithoutdelay.Drythespecimensfor3hforeach25mmofthicknessat10065°Cinamechanicallyconvecteddry-airoven.Allowthemtocometotemperatureequilibrium,afterremovalfromtheoven,foratleast2hat2362°Cand5065%relativehumidity.115.3Testeachspecimenfortheprescribedpropertyinaccordancewiththeappropriatetestmethod.

NOTE29—Adryingtemperatureof70°Cmaybeusedwhere100°Cadverselyaffectstheﬁnalpropertiesuponagreementbycustomerandsupplier.

(13)

where:R=retainIFD,%,

Lo=originalIFDforce,andLf=ﬁnalIFDforce.

111.Report

111.1Reportthefollowinginformation:

111.1.1Percentagelossinthicknessandpercentagereten-tionof65%indentationforcedeﬂection,and

111.1.2Recoverytimewhether60minor24h.

112.PrecisionandBias

112.1Roundrobintestingtodeterminetheprecisionofthismethodisbeingplannedandthedatawillbeavailableby2003.

TESTJ—STEAMAUTOCLAVEAGING

113.Scope

113.1Thistestconsistsoftreatingthefoamspecimeninalow-pressuresteamautoclaveandobservingtheeffectsonthepropertiesofthefoamspecimen.Useeitherofthefollowingprocedures,J1orJ2:

116.Calculation

116.1Calculatethepresentchangeinphysicalpropertyasfollows:

Physicalpropertychange,%5~Po2Pf!

~Po!3100

(14)

where:

Po=meanpropertyoftheunexposedspecimen,andPf=meanpropertyoftheexposedspecimen.117.Report

117.1Reportthefollowinginformation:117.1.1Percentchangeinphysicalproperty,117.1.2TestprocedureJ1orJ2.

118.PrecisionandBias

118.1Theprecisionofthismethodisdependentonthematerialpropertythatisbeingmeasured.

TESTK—DRYHEATAGING

119.Scope

119.1Thistestconsistsofexposingfoamspecimensinanair-circulatingovenandobservingtheeffectonthepropertiesofthefoam.

NOTE30—ISO2440isasimilarstandard,buttherearesometechnicaldifferences.

120.Apparatus

120.1Air-CirculatingOven,capableofmaintaining14062°Cforexposingthespecimens.Adeviceforsensingandrecordingthetemperatureoftheovenatleastevery2hshallbeattached.

121.Procedure

121.1Exposethespecimensfor22hat14062°C.Obtainandrecordtheoventemperaturenearthespecimenatleastevery2h.

121.2Removethespecimensfromtheovenandconditionfornotlessthan2hat2362°Cand5065%relativehumidity.

122.Calculation

122.1Calculatethepercentchangeinphysicalpropertyasfollows:

Physicalpropertychange,%5

~~Po2Pf!!

~Po!3100

(15)

where:

Po=meanpropertyoftheunexposedspecimen,andPf=meanpropertyoftheexposedspecimen.123.Report

123.1Reportthefollowinginformation:123.1.1Percentchangeinphysicalproperty.

124.PrecisionandBias

124.1Theprecisionofthismethodisdependentonthe

materialpropertythatisbeingmeasured.

TESTL—WETHEATAGING

125.Scope

125.1Thistestconsistsofexposingfoamspecimensinanenvironmentalchamberandobservingtheeffectontheprop-ertiesofthefoam.

NOTE31—ThereisnosimilarorequivalentISOstandard.

126.Apparatus

126.1EnvironmentalChamber,capableofmaintaining5062°Cand9565%RHforexposingthespecimens.Adeviceforsensingandrecordingthetemperatureoftheovenatleastevery2hshallbeattached.

NOTE32—Othertemperatureandhumidityconditionsmaybeusedasagreeduponbythepurchaserandthesupplier.

127.Procedure

127.1Placethespecimensintotheenvironmentalchambersettothetemperatureandhumidityconditionsspeciﬁedin126.1,makingsuretheydonottoucheachother.Fortestssuchascompressionsetthespecimensshallbeclampedintothetestﬁxturebeforeputtingthemintothechamber.Exposethespecimensfor22h65minorasagreeduponbythesupplierandpurchaser.

127.2Aftertheexposureperiodremovethespecimensfromtheovenandfromanyﬁxturingandthenconditionthemfornotlessthan2hat2362°Cand5065%relativehumidityorasspeciﬁedinthetestmethodbeingevaluated.

127.3Performanymeasurementsandcalculationsspeciﬁedinthetestmethodbeingevaluated.

128.Calculation

128.1Calculatethepercentchangeinphysicalpropertyasfollows:

Physicalpropertychange,%5

@~Po2Pf!#

~Po!3100

(16)

where

Po=meanpropertyoftheunexposedspecimen,andPf=meanpropertyoftheexposedspecimen.129.Report

129.1Reportthefollowinginformation:

129.1.1Percentchangeinphysicalproperty,and129.1.2Testmethodevaluated.

130.PrecisionandBias

130.1Theprecisionofthismethodisdependentonthematerialpropertythatisbeingmeasured.

131.PrecisionandBias

131.1PrecisionandbiasfortestmethodsinthisstandardarebasedonroundrobinstudiesconductedbythePolyure-thaneFoamAssociationfrom1998to2000inaccordancewithPracticeE691.Foreachstudy,threematerialswerecarefullyselectedtocovertherangeofpropertiesexpectedincommer-ciallyavailableproducts.Thenumberoflabsvariedfrom

TABLE1DensityTestA,kg/m3(8Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD127.210.230.310.640.88243.440.280.340.780.943

35.07

0.51

0.61

1.43

1.70

(8Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBr

D1104.10.200.310.531.502102.30.280.340.531.523

99.1

0.450.61

0.742.08

(8Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD173.480.932.092.625.852136.351.104.313.0712.063

249.11

3.16

8.73

8.85

24.44

(8Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD1147.912.995.688.3715.922253.332.348.496.5623.773

491.16

7.18

20.64

20.16

57.81

ASr=within-laboratorystandarddeviationfortheindicatedmaterial.Itisob-tainedbypoolingthewithin-laboratorystandarddeviationsofthetestresultsfromalloftheparticipatinglaboratories.BSR=between-laboratoryreproducibility,expressedasstandarddeviation.Cr=within-laboratorycriticalintervalbetweentworesults=2.83SDr.R=between-laboratoriescriticalintervalbetweentworesults=2.83SR.6to10.Thesamplesweredistributedbyonelab,butindividualspecimenswerepreparedatthelabsperformingthetests.Eachlaboratoryobtainedsixtestresultsforeachmaterial.Precision,characterizedbyrepeatability(Sasrandr)andreproducibility(SandR)havebeendeterminedshownintheindividualtables.R131.2Bias—Therearenorecognizedstandardsbywhichtoestimatebiasforthesetestmethods.

NOTE33—Caution:TheexplanationofrandRareonlyintendedtopresentameaningfulwayofconsideringtheapproximateprecisionofthesetestmethods.Thedatainthetablesshouldnotbeappliedtoacceptanceorrejectionofmaterials,asthesedataapplyonlytothe

TABLE5IFDTestB1,25%RTIFD,N

(8Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD158.230.831.262.333.54299.830.942.142.645.993

145.14

2.53

4.62

11.12

TABLE6CFDTestC,50%CFD,kPa

(9Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD12.060.050.290.140.8123.040.070.580.181.623

9.36

0.14

0.38

0.40

1.07

TABLE7CompressionSetTestD,90%Ct,%

(9Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD13.360.620.831.732.3425.780.820.972.302.713

8.23

0.83

1.61

2.34

4.51

TABLE8CompressionSetTestD,90%Cd,%

(9Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD13.720.680.921.912.5826.450.791.112.223.113

9.07

0.92

1.78

2.59

5.00

materialstestedintheroundrobinsandareunlikelytoberigorouslyrepresentativeofotherlots,formulations,conditions,materials,orlabo-ratories.UsersofthesetestmethodsshouldapplytheprinciplesoutlinedinPracticeE691togeneratedataspeciﬁctotheirmaterialsandlabora-tory.

NOTE34—Theprecisiondatapresentedinthetableswereobtainedusingthetestconditionsdeﬁnedinthetestmethods.Ifamaterialspeciﬁcationdeﬁnesothertestconditions,theseprecisiondatashallbeassumednottoapply.

132.Keywords

132.1bonded;ﬂexiblecellular;molded;slab;urethane

TABLE9TensileTestE,D3574Die,kPa

(10Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD145.841.542.824.337.90274.963.024.568.4712.783

91.62

4.02

5.11

11.24

14.32

TABLE10TensileTestE,D412Die,kPa

(10Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD146.062.674.007.4811.19278.203.884.8110.8513.473

89.99

3.26

3.42

9.12

9.56

TABLE11TensileTestE,ElongationbyCrossheadTravel,D412

Die,%

(10Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBr

D1218.416.224.245.567.62231.815.424.943.069.63

154.5

14.127.5

39.477.1

D3574Die,%

(10Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBr

D1205.313.223.636.966.02219.215.224.042.667.23

146.4

14.226.3

39.773.6

TABLE13TensileTestE,ElongationbyBenchmarking,D3574

Die,%

(10Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD1217.912.130.233.984.52236.614.630.340.784.93

158.9

16.9

31.9

47.3

89.2

TABLE14TearTestF,N/m

(6Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD1599.441.652.1116.5145.82244.018.035.350.498.93

215.2

17.6

28.3

49.2

79.1

TABLE15AirFlowTestG,m3/min

(7Laboratories)

MaterialAvg.SrASRBrCRD10.0560.0020.0060.0060.01720.1090.0040.0130.0110.0383

0.160

0.009

0.024

0.027

0.068

TABLE16ResilienceTestH,%

(8Laboratories)

Material

Avg.SrASRBrCRD146.10.822.862.318.00270.81.003.152.798.823

69.2

0.99

2.89

2.76

8.09

TABLE17PoundingFatigueTestI31hThicknessLoss,%

(7Laboratories)

Material123

AAvg.1.691.462.50

SrA0.760.390.24

SRB0.870.420.61

rC2.141.080.68

RD2.431.171.70

Sr=within-laboratorystandarddeviationfortheindicatedmaterial.Itisob-tainedbypoolingthewithin-laboratorystandarddeviationsofthetestresultsfromalloftheparticipatinglaboratories.BSR=between-laboratoryreproducibility,expressedasstandarddeviation.Cr=within-laboratorycriticalintervalbetweentworesults=2.83Sr.DR=between-laboratoriescriticalintervalbetweentworesults=2.83SR.

TABLE18PoundingFatigueTestI324hThicknessLoss,%

(7Laboratories)

Material123

AAvg.1.471.111.81

SrA0.700.320.24

SRB0.970.390.52

rC1.960.890.68

RD2.701.101.47

TABLE19PoundingFatigueTestI31h40%IFDLoss,%

(7Laboratories)

Material123

AAvg.29.920.634.1

SrA1.342.111.56

SRB2.932.492.86

rC3.755.924.36

RD8.226.968.01

TABLE20PoundingFatigueTestI324h40%IFDLoss,%

(7Laboratories)

Material123

AAvg.24.317.227.0

SrA2.462.091.95

SRB3.262.533.56

rC6.885.865.46

RD9.147.099.96

APPENDIXES

(NonmandatoryInformation)

X1.SUGGESTEDMETHODFORSPECIFYINGFLEXIBLEURETHANEFOAMS

X1.1Thesuggestedpracticeforspecifyingﬂexibleure-thanefoamis:

USU—UrethaneSlabUncoredUSC—UrethaneSlabCoredUMU—UrethaneMoldedUncoredUMC—UrethaneMoldedCored

Digitsfollowingthenumberspecifytheﬁrmnessgradeandthelettersfollowingthatspecifytypeofloaddeﬂectiontest.

X1.2Suffixlettersmaybeaddedsinglyorincombinationaftertheabovetoindicateadditionalrequirements.Thevaluesforthesesuffixtestsaretobearrangedbetweenthesupplierandthepurchaser.

X1.3Example:USU30IFDFEH

Thefoamisaurethaneslabuncoredwitha30-lbIndentationForceDeﬂectionvalueat25%deﬂection.Minimumvaluetear(F),tension(E),andresiliencevalues(H)havebeenagreedupon.

X2.SUGGESTEDMETHODOFCONSTRUCTIONFORAROLLERSHEAR

DYNAMICFLEXFATIGUEAPPARATUS

X2.1Thefollowingrequirementsareestablishedtodeﬁnetheequipmentandrelationshipofpartsforaconstant-loadrollershearmachine.SeeFig.X2.1andFig.X2.2forreferencetopartnumbers.

X2.2Roller,1:

X2.2.1Dimensions—457-mmminimumlength,and76.2061.27-mmdiameter.

X2.2.2Material—Corrosionandwear-resistantmetal,ei-ther(1)chrome-platedmaterial,or(2)stainlesssteel.

X2.2.3SurfaceFinish—Finishsurfaceonrolleristobegroundandequivalenttoatleast0.001mm.

X2.2.4Themassoftherollershallnotexceed11.340kg.X2.3RollerMountingBracketAssembly2,3,4,11—Theassemblyconsistsofmetalmembersdesignedtoattachtherollertoapivotpoint,toprovidebearingsurfacesforminimumfrictionforturning,andtoserveasaplatformtoaddrequiredmasstotheroller.

X2.3.1Bearings,2and4—Theproperbearingsarerequiredoneachendorrolleraxis(A-A)andalsoonthepivotaxis

(B-B).Thebearingshouldbeequivalenttothefollowingexample:

BearingNo.4—NiceNo.1635,DCBallBearing19by32by13mm.

BearingNo.2—NiceNo.6906,ﬂangemountedradialbearing.

NOTEX2.1—Rolleraxisbearingsmaybemountedinthebracketwiththeaxleattachedtotherolleror,iftherollerisahollowcylinder,thebearingmaybepressﬁtintothecylinderendwiththebracketfurnishingtheaxle.

X2.3.2PivotArm,11—Thedistancebetweenthepivotaxisandtherolleraxisshallbe203.2066.35mm.

X2.3.3RollerBracketConnector,3,connectstherightandleftbearingbracketsacrossthetopoftheroller.Theconnectionmustalsoprovideaﬂathorizontalsurfacewithmeans(pin)toattachtheweights.Theweightsmustbecentereddirectlyabovetheaxisoftheroller.

X2.3.4AxisRelationship—Therolleraxis(A-A)andpivotaxis(B-B)mustbeparallelandlieinthesamehorizontalplaneparalleltothespecimenmountingbase.

X2.3.5AlignmentandClearance—Bracketsandaxlesmust

FIG.X2.1RollerShearMachine—TopView

FIG.X2.2RollerShearMachine—SideView

bealignedsothatnobindingoccurstoobstructfreeturningoneitheraxis.Bracketsandothersupportmembers(5)mustgivefreeclearancesothatspecimenisnottouchedduringtestotherthanbyrollersurface.

X2.3.6Weight,6—Thetotalverticalforceexertedbytheassemblyplustherollershouldnotexceed111Nasmeasuredatapointdirectlyaboveorbelowtherolleraxiswhenbothrollerandpivotaxesareinthesamehorizontalplane(X2.3.4).Additionalweightstobeaddedasshown.

X2.3.7VerticalAdjustment,7—Iftherollerisnotdriventoprovidestrokemovement,provisionshouldbemadesothatattachmentofthepivotaxistothesupportcanberaisedorloweredatleast75mm(3in.).Thisadjustmentmustbeabletobemadeinnotlessthan12.5-mmincrements.

X2.4SpecimenMountingBase,8:

X2.4.1Dimensions—500-mmminimumlength.500-mmminimumwidth,and9.5-mmminimumthickness.X2.4.2Material—Structural-gradecarbonsteel.

X2.4.3Perforation—6-mmdiameterholeson20-mmcen-ters,overaminimumareacovering350mminlengthby350mminwidth.

X2.4.4SurfaceFinish—Topsurfaceshallbeaﬁnishgrind.X2.4.5Hold-DownPlates,9—Provisiontoattachmetalorwoodhold-downplatesforclampingcottonsheetingretainingstripstobase.Fourplatesarerequiredtocoverperimeterofspecimensize.

X2.4.6VerticalAdjustmentandLevel,10—Ifmountingbaseisnotdriventoprovidestrokemovement,provisionshouldbemadeforverticaladjustmentofatleast75mm.Thisadjustmentmustbeabletoprovideverticalmovementinnotlessthan12.5-mmincrementsandmaintainahorizontallevelconditionofthemountingbase.X2.5MechanicalRequirements:

X2.5.1StrokeLength—Thelengthofstrokeshallbe330612mm.

X2.5.2StrokeSpeed,StrokeDrive—Therateofstrokespeedshouldproduce0.4760.03Hz.Acycleisacompleteforwardandreversestroke.Eithertherollerorthemountingbasemaybedriventoproducestroketravel.Ineithercase,thedrivemechanismmustproducetravelinahorizontalplane.X2.5.3AngularOffset—Theaxisoftherollershouldbelevelandmountedata1563°offsetfromperpendiculartothedirectionofthestroke.

X2.5.4MountingBaseLocation—Thelengthofthemount-ingbaseshouldbeparalleltothedirectionofthestrokeandcenteredunderthemidpointofthestrokeandthecenteroftheroller.Thedistanceofthebasesurfacefromtherolleraxis(X2.3.4)shouldbe45mmwhenverticaladjustmentprovidesaminimumclearance.

X2.5.5CycleCounter—Meanstorecordthenumberofcyclesshouldbeprovided.

X3.DEFINITIONSOFTERMSUSEDTODESCRIBETHEFORCE-DEFLECTIONCURVE

OFFLEXIBLEURETHANEFOAM

X3.1supportfactor—theratioofthe65%indentationforcedeﬂectiontothe25%indentationforcedeﬂectiondeterminedafter1minofrest.Mostspeciﬁcationsarebasedonthe25%IFDvalueofa100-mmfoam.Thesupportfactorthusindicateswhat65%IFDvaluewouldbeacceptableforaparticularapplication.The65%IFDmeasuresthesupport

regionofthestress-straincurve.Seatingfoamswithlowsupportfactorswillusuallybottomoutandgiveinferiorperformance.

Supportfactor~SF!5~65%IFD/25%IFD!

(X3.1)

Synonyms—Sagfactor,hardnessratio,comfortfactor.Thesetermsshouldberemovedfromthevocabulary.Supportfactoristhetermofchoice.

X3.2guidefactor—theratioofthe25%indentationforcedeﬂectiontothedensityaftera1-minrest.Mostspeciﬁcationsdonothaveadensityrequirement;thereforetheproductwiththehighestguidefactorhasthecostadvantagebutnotnecessarilytheperformanceadvantage.

Guidefactor~GF!5~25%IFD/density!

(X3.2)

X3.3initialhardnessfactor—theratioofthe25%inden-tationforcedeﬂectionforcetothe5%indentationforcedeﬂectiondeterminedwithoutthe1-minrest.Theinitialhardnessratiodeﬁnesthesurfacefeelofaﬂexibleurethanefoam.Suppleorsoftsurfacefoamwillhaveahighvalue,whileboardyorstiffsurfacefoamswillhavealowvalue(NoteX3.1).

Initialhardnessfactor~IHF!5~25%IFD/5%IFD!

(X3.3)

Synonym—Comfortfactor.

NOTEX3.1—StandardIFDcurvescanbeusedtogeneratetheIHF,IM,andMIFdata.

X3.4hardnessindex—thetermusedinsomespeciﬁcationsforthe50%IFDvalue.Thechairdesignerwilloftendesignfurnitureforamaximum50%indentation.Barstoolsontheotherhandmaybedesignedforonlya20%deﬂection.X3.5indentationmodulus—theforcerequiredtoproduceanindentationofanadditional1%betweenthelimitsof20%indentationforcedeﬂectionand40%indentationforcedeﬂec-tiondeterminedwithoutthe1-minrest.Theslopeofthislinedependsupontheresistanceofthecellsstrutstopostbuckling(NoteX3.1).

Indentationmodulus~IM!5~40%IFD220%IFD/20%IFD!

(X3.4)

X3.6modulusirregularityfactor—theinterceptproducedonthestressaxisbyextrapolationofthelinearportionofthestress-straincurve.Theindentationmodulus,thatis,theslopeoftheline,maybesubstantiallyconstantuptoandbeyondthe40%indentationlevel.Inthisevent,theindentationstress-straincurveislinearandpassesthroughtheoriginFig.X3.1.Theindentationmodulususuallyvariesatlowlevelsofstrainbeforereachingaconstantvalueataboveapproximately10perstrain.Thestress-straincurvemayexhibitamarkedstepinthatregionwhichmayresultinsomediscomfortinseatingappli-cations,Fig.X3.2andFig.X3.3.TheMIFvalueiscalculatedfromthesamedatanecessarytoderivethemodulusofthefoamasaseatingmaterial(NoteX3.1).

FIG.X3.1IndentationStress-StrainCurve(MIFisZero)

FIG.X3.2IndentationStress-StrainCurve(MIFispositive)

FIG.X3.3IndentationStress-StrainCurve(MIFisnegative)

Modulusirregularityfactor~MIF!52320%IFD240%IFD

(X3.5)

X4.SUGGESTEDTESTSFORDETERMININGCOMBUSTIBILITYOFFLEXIBLEURETHANEFOAM

X4.1Thisappendixlistsforinformationalpurposesonlythetestmethodscommonlyusedfordeterminingthecombus-tionpropertiesofﬂexibleurethanefoams.Thesetestshavebeenfoundusefulinascertainingtheeffectivenessofadditivesandreactantstomodifythecombustioncharacteristicsofthesematerials.See1.3.

X4.2SomeApplicableCodesandRegulationsforSpeciﬁedApplications:

ApplicationRegulation

AutomotiveDOTMVSS302MattressandcushionDOCFF4-72MattressandcushionCALTB117MattressandcushionCALTB133AMattressandcushionNFPA260AMattressandcushionNFPA261AMattressandcushionBSI5852AAviationFAAPart25.853Par(b)AppFAviationFAAOilBurnerTestCarpetcushionASTME84CarpetcushionDOCFFI-70(PillTest)MiscellaneousASTMD3675_______________ACompositetest.Foam,fabric,andothercomponentsmayhaveasynergisticeffectoneachother.

Variousgovernmentalbodieshaveissuedregulationsbased

onTestMethodE162.Theregulationsarenotthesameforallbodiesissuingthem.Hence,theregulationofthegovernmenthavingjurisdictionshouldbeconsulted.X4.2.1Sources:

GovernmentDocuments

SuperintendentofDocuments,USGov-ernmentPrintingOffice,Washington,DC20402

CaliforniaCaliforniaBureauofHomeFurnishings,

3485OrangeGroveAve.,NorthHigh-lands,CA95660

NationalFireProtectionAssociation1BatterymarchPark,P.O.Box9101,

Quincy,MA02269

BritishStandardBritishStandardsInstitute,2ParkStreet,

London,EnglandW1A2B5

Thesestandardsshouldbeusedtomeasureanddescribetheresponseofmaterials,products,orassembliestoheatandﬂameundercontrolledconditionsandshouldnotbeusedtodescribeorappraisetheﬁrehazardorﬁreriskofmaterials,products,orassembliesunderactualﬁreconditions.However,resultsofthistestmaybeusedaselementsofaﬁrehazardassessmentoraﬁreriskassessmentwhichtakesintoaccountallofthefactorswhicharepertinenttoanassessmentoftheﬁrehazardorﬁreriskofaparticularenduse.

X5.SUGGESTEDMETHODFORTHEVERIFICATIONOFANINCLINEDOILMANOMETER

X5.1Adjustthefeettolevelthemanometer.Withaheightgagerestingonalevelandﬂatsurfacemeasurethedistancetothetopoftheglasstubeateachmajormark.Determinetheareaofthetubebydirectmeasurement.Theareaofthereservoiriscalculatedbyaddingameasuredamountofﬂuidwithbothendsofthemanometeratatmosphericpressure.Thecalculationfortheareaofthereservoir(A):

A5~v2ay!/h

(X5.1)

X5.2Changeinpressureiscalculatedby:

Pm2Pn5wy~sinu1a/A!

(X5.2)

where:v=thea=they=theh=the

volumeadded,

areaoftheinsideofthetube,distancebetweenreadings,andchangeinheight.

where:Pm=Pn=w=y=u=a=A=

the

thethethethethethelowreading,highreading,

speciﬁcgravityoftheindicatingﬂuid,distancebetweenreadings,angleofthetubetonormal,

areaoftheinsideofthetube,andareaofthereservoir.

X5.3Theerroristhedifferencebetweenthecalculatedandtheindicatedvalue.

SUMMARYOFCHANGES

Thissectionidentiﬁesthelocationofselectedchangestothesetestmethods.Fortheconvenienceoftheuser,CommitteeD20hashighlightedthosechangesthatmayimpacttheuseofthesetestmethods.Thissectionmayalsoincludedescriptionsofthechangesorreasonsforthechanges,orboth.

D3574–01:

(1)AddedISOequivalencystatementsforalltests.(2)AddedPrecisionandBiasstatementsformosttests.(3)Addedwetheatagingtest.

(4)Changedreportingofmedianvaluestomeanvalues.

(5)Changedpreﬂexingrequirementinfatiguetestsfrom6to2preﬂexes.

(6)Standardizedallrecoverytimesinfatiguetests.(7)Addeddeﬁnitionsforcoredandconvolutedfoams.

(8)Changedcarpetcushionfatiguetestconsiderably;removedcarpet,increasedcycles,changedfromCFDtoIFDtest.

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ASTM D 3574-01 Standard Test Methods for flexible cellular materials-slab, bonded, and molded uretha