英语句子成分
一、主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing.（代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）
What he needs is a book. （主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
二、谓语动词（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 We study English. （及物动词）
The train left. （不及物动词） He is asleep. （系动词）
I can speak two different languages.（情态动词+及物动词） They may be in the classroom. （情态动词+系动词）
He didn’t go to Jane’s birthday party yesterday.（助动词+不及物动词）
扩展：
■动词的分类：
根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词（及物动词vt、不及物动词vi）、系动词、助动词(和行为动词一起构成时态、语态的do, be, have, will等)和情态动词四类。
有些动词是兼类词。如： We have lunch at 12.
我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词)
We have been to New York.
我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)
I am hungry.
我饿了。(am是系动词)
She was beaten on the way home.
她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助动词)
You needn’t have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)
The door needs painting.
这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词)
■动词的基本形式
绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
A. 第三人称单数形式的构成
一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同：
1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如work—works, write—writes。 2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guess—guesses, mix—mix, finish—finishes, catch—catches。
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies，如study—studies。 注：不规则变化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does等。
B. 现在分词的构成
1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study—studying, work—working。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write—writing, move—moving。 3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get—getting, begin—beginning。 4. 以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。 注：(A) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlling；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicking。
C. 过去式和过去分词的构成
1. 一般情况直接加ed，如ask—asked, work—worked。
2. 以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love—loved, dance—danced。
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如try—tried, study—studied。
4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stop—stopped, permit—permitted。
注：(A) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如control—controlled；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveled(美) /travelled(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicked。另外，还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需要熟记。
三、表语（predicative）/主语补语: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词）
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词）
He is asleep. （形容词）
His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容词化的分词）
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式） The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）
常见的系动词有: be（是）, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来)，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ... More examples:
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired. The cloth feels soft.
四、宾语： 1）（及物动词）动作的承受者-----动宾 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词）
We should help the old and the poor. （the + adj=某类人） I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.
五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. （名词）
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词） We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式） Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）
扩展：
主补：对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
六、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。 Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world. （数词）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词短语) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）
You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
七、状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。
I will go there tomorrow. 时间
The meeting will be held in the meeting room. 地点 The meat went bad because of the hot weather. 原因 He studies hard to learn English well. 目的
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. 结果 I like some of you very much.. 程度
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 条件 He goes to school by bike. 方式
Though he is young, he can do it well. 让步
八、同位语
当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。 Eg:
Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. 我们的英语老师——布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。
Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends. 足球----他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 That’s her habit, reading in bed. 躺在床上看书是她的习惯。
Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea. 你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。
He gave orders that the work should be started immediately. 他发出指示要立即开始工作。
You still haven’t answered my question why you didn’t come to school yesterday. 你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。
同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名词包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.这类从句常常有that引导，有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导。
句子结构
简单句的六个基本句型 见步步高Page 11 ★主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches. ★主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 She likes English.
★主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语/主语补语 She is happy．
★主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 She gave John a book． She bought a book for me.
★主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
★（ There +be There is a book on the desk. ）
Exercises ：分析下列句子主干成分
1. Our school is not far from my home. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
3. All of us considered him honest. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5. He broke a piece of glass. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．
主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语 7. ---I love you more than her，child ． 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
8. Trees turn green when spring comes. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 +状语（时间状从） 9. They pushed the door open. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语+ 时间状
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
12.All the students think highly of his teaching 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 +状语
14. He asked us to sing an English song. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 15. Don't get nervous. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
16.We will make our school more beautiful. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know． 主语 + 不及物动词 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 19. The old man lives a lonely life. 主语 ＋ 及物动词 + 宾语
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany． 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him． 主句： There be „
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month. 主句： 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
24. Go back where you came from. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
25. We must do whatever the people want us to do. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
27. Would you please pass me the cup? 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 主语＋双宾动词＋直接宾语＋间接宾语
29. Do you know the latest news about him? 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
翻 译 练 习：
主谓结构 （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ） 1你应当努力学习。 You should study hard. 2她昨天回家很晚。
She went home very late yesterday evening.
3那天早上我们谈了很长时间。
That morning we talked for a long time.. We talked for a long time that morning. 4会议将持续两个小时。 hold
The meeting will last for two hours.
5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
In the past/last ten years/decade my hometown has been changed /changed much. 6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。
Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. 7 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动The May Fourth Movement。 The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8每天八时开始上课。
Classes begin at eight every day. 9她的建议对作出这一决定起了重要作用。
Her suggestion weighed heavily in this decision. 10五年前我住在北京。
I lived in Beijing five years ago.
主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 ） 1昨晚我写了一封信。 I wrote a letter last night. 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。
I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3这本书他读过多次了。
He has read this book many times. 4他们成功地完成了计划。
They have carried out the plan successfully. 5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。
You must finish reading these books within two weeks.
6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。
That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。
I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia. 8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 Jim cannot dress himself.
Jim still can’t dress himself. Be dressed
The woman dressing herself / dressed in a white blouse is our Chinese teacher. 9我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 10他不知道说什麽好。
He did not know what to say.
He doesn’t / didn’t know what he should say/ what to say.
主系表结构 （主语 ＋系动词＋表语 ） 1我的兄弟都是大学生。
My brothers are all college students.
2冬季白天短，夜晚长。
In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 Mrs Brown looks very healthy.
4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。
At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5孩子们，请保持安静。 Children, keep quiet please. 6这本书是有关美国历史的书。
This book is about the history of the United States. 7她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。
Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8他失业了。 He is out of work.
9树叶已经变黄了。
The leaves have turned yellow. 10这个报告听起来很有意思。 The report sounds interesting.
双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 /＋直接宾语＋间接宾语） 1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。
Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。
Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？
Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5. 他把车票给列车员看。
He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。
This term I have written three letters to my parents. 7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 My father has bought me a new bike.
8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy? 10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi?
复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ） 1我们叫她Alice. We call her Alice.
2他的父母给他取名为John. His parents named him John. 3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
All of us considered him to be honest.
4他们把门推开了。
They pushed the door open. 5他们把小偷释放了。
They have set the thief free. 6我们要使学校变得更美丽。
We will make our school more beautiful. 7他请我们参加做游戏。
He asked us to join in the game. 8我要你把真相告诉我。
I want you to tell me the truth. 9卫兵命令我们立即离开。
The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10明天我要找人来修理机器。
Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine.
■There be 句型 拓展：
There be +句词词组”中，there为虚词，be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几点：
★There be句式表示“有”时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为“什么地方（时候）有„„”。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组，此外，其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：
1. There is a blackboard in the classroom. 2. There are five minutes to go.
3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.
★在正式文体中，该句式中be动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况：
（1）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，be动词用单数；主语若为复数，be动词也用复数。
（2）该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：
1. There is room for improvement.
2. There are three apples on the table.
3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.
★“There be +主语+不定式”中，不定式可以有主动和被动两种形式，不过在口语中主动形式更为常见。例如：
1. There is a letter to type today. 2. There is no time to lose.
3. There are many things to be done now.
★There be句式中，be动词有各种变化形式。
（1）be动词有时态变化，可以为一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例如：
1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room. 2. There was little left.
3. There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years.
4. When he got there, he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room. 5. Without air, there would be no living things. 6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.
（2）There be句式中，be之前可以有情态动词。例如： 1. There may be some people who don’t like the film. 2. There used to be a temple in the village. （3）在正式文体特别是文学中，There be句式中的be也可以用其它意义的动词或词组取代。它们通常是：exist, live, stand等表示存在或位置的动词；come, go, run, walk等表示运动或方向的动词以及certain to be, sure to be, appear to be, happen to be等词组。这种there存在句的谓语动词的人称、数的形式与主语须保持一致。例如： 1. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 2. In front of the village there flows a stream.
3. There is sure to be a friend of mine in the hotel.
4. There happened to be no people in the room.
5. There doesn”t seem to be anything wrong with the radio.
（4）There be句式中，be前面还可以带其它动词的被动式，在使用中已形成了固定的句型，如：There is said to be（据说有„„）；There is thought to be（据认为有„„）；There is believed to be（据信有„„）等。例如：
1. There is believed to be some people alive under the ruins. 有人认为废墟下仍有人活着。
2. There will be expected to be an official report about the accident very soon. 预计很快就会有对此次事故的官方报道。
★含有there be的几个特殊句型。
（1）There be no + V-ing形式。例如：
1. There was no knowing when he would be back. 2. Sorry. There’s no smoking in the waiting-room. （2）There be no need (for sb) to do sth。例如： There is no need for him to come.
（3）There be no use + V-ing形式。例如：
There is no use asking her, she doesn”t know anything.
（4）There is no doubt about sth/ There is no doubt that。例如： 1. There is no doubt about it.
2. There can be no doubt that China belongs to the Third World
翻译练习：
1今晚没有会。
There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight. There is not a meeting tonight. 2这个村子过去只有一口井。
There used to be/ was only a well in the village. 3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。
There is a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. a music teacher and an art teacher at school 4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。
Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 5天气预报说下午有大风。
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
6灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。
The light is on. There must be someone in the office. 7战前这儿一直有家电影院的。
There used to be a cinema here before the war. 8恰好那时房里没人。
There happened to be nobody in the room. 9从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 10公共汽车来了。 There comes the bus.
句子的种类
（一） 按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1） 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。 Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。 The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。 I haven’t got a camera. 我没有相机.
They have never met before. 他们以前从没见过面.
2） 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种： a.一般疑问句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）： Where do you live? 你住那儿？
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？
c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）： He knows her, doesn’t he? 他不认识她，对不对？
= Does he know her? yes, he does. No , he doesn’t.
I / we think he should stay at home, shouldn’t he? They think he should stay at home, don’t they?
Open the window, will you?
Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let us go for a walk, will you?
3） 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如： Sit down, please.请坐。 Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4） 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！ How good the news is!
What beautiful flowers they are! 多美丽的花啊! How beautiful the flowers are!
How lovely the child is! 多可爱的小孩啊! What a lovely child he is! what a cute child he is
（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类： 1） 简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
We all study hard. 我们都努力学习.
I love sports very much. 我非常喜欢运动.
Mum made a beautiful skirt for me. 妈妈为我做了一条漂亮的裙子.
We elected him our class president. 我们选了他做班长.
There are more than 3000 students in our school. 我们学校的学生超过3000名.
2） 并列句（Compound Sentences）：由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句.
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。 Let’s hurry, or we will be late. 咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦.
He studied hard( ,) and he passed the exam. 他努力学习并通过了考试.
He felt no fear, for he was very brave. 他很勇敢,毫不畏惧.
He was sick, so they were quiet. 他病了,所以他们很安静.
并列连词及其分类.见步步高P32
3） 复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。 Do you know the man who is in the car? 你认识坐在汽车里的人吗?
What he said is not true. 他说的不是实话.
I know it’s difficult to master a foreign language. 我知道学好一门外语不容易.
The question is whether he will join us next time. 问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干.
The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation. 伊拉克可以在一两周内就可以拿下的这一想法是估计不足的想法. To get into university (= If you want to get into university) you have to pass a number of exams.
进入大学,你必须通过一系列的考试.
从属连词及其分类见步步高Page 72\\90\\110
基本句型的扩大
基本句型可以通过不同的语法手段加以扩大,使之成为千变万化的句子,表达各种各样的思想.
1. 采用并列句.
Eg. He is very bright. He doesn’t work hard. He has so many friends to play with. He is very bright, but he doesn’t work hard, for he has so many friends to play with.
He didn’t like us. Everyone knew it. No one admitted it
He didn’t like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted it.
2. 增加修饰成分和使用从句.
1) The African people have been our friends.
The African people have long been our close friends in fighting against power politics(强权政治).
2)I saw a girl.
Yesterday on my way home I saw a poor little girl selling flowers in the street.
3) The woman is my mother.
The woman who is standing outside the classroom is my mother.
3 同时用并列句和从句.
He not only disliked the way that / in which we spoke, but he also disapproved of the way we dressed.
= Not only did he dislike the way we spoke, but he also disapproved of the way we dressed. Ex.
1.扩充以下句子.
1) The boy is our monitor.
2)The woman teaches us biology.
2.把下列数个句子通过从属与并列等手段合并为一个句子. 1) Walden Pond is now the site of many tourist stands. It was once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty.
Walden Pond which was once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty is now the site of many tourist stands.
2) Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom window.
It made air-conditioning unnecessary. It made a light blanket welcome. Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom window, which made air-conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome.
3) Sarah sank in the nearest chair. She was completely exhausted. Her limbs were stiff with cold. Her mind was a piece of blank.
Sarah sank in the nearest chair, completely exhausted with her limbs stiff with cold and her mind a piece of blank.
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